MODEL PENGENTASAN PERMUKIMAN KUMUH BERKELANJUTAN DI INDONESIA

SRI HARTOYO, Dr. Luthfi Mutaali, M.T;Dr.Sri Rum Giyarsih, M.Si

2018 | Disertasi | DOKTOR ILMU GEOGRAFI

Pengentasan permukiman kumuh meskipun telah berhasil mengurangi persentase jumlah luasan permukiman kumuh, namun tujuan pelaksanaan pengentasan permukiman kumuh belum tercapai secara berkelanjutan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis: (1) kondisi sosial ekonomi masyarakat di permukiman kumuh; (2) kondisi fisik/lingkungan permukiman setelah pelaksanaan pengentasan permukiman kumuh; (3) tingkat efektivitas kinerja pelaksanaan kebijakan pengentasan permukiman kumuh; (4) model pengentasan permukiman kumuh yang berkelanjutan. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kuantitatif dengan analisis deskriptif dan analisis regresi linier berdasarkan persepsi masyarakat di permukiman kumuh. Lokasi penelitian dilakukan pada permukiman yang sedang dan/atau telah dilakukan pengentasan permukiman kumuh di Kota Semarang yang mewakili kota metropolitan dan Kota Pontianak yang mewakili kota besar. Sampel penelitian adalah rumah tangga yang ditentukan secara simple random sampling. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa: (1) kondisi sosial ekonomi setelah pengentasan permukiman kumuh pada umumnya ditandai dengan faktor-faktor: tingkat pendidikan yang rendah, status penguasaan lahan milik sendiri, rasa saling percaya (trust) yang tinggi dan daya beli meningkat lebih baik, serta ketersediaan fasilitas bantuan keuangan dan keberadaan faktor-faktor tersebut berpengaruh terhadap kondisi fisik/lingkungan di permukiman kumuh; (2) kondisi fisik/lingkungan permukiman setelah pengentasan permukiman kumuh mengalami peningkatan yang signifikan, peningkatan di kota besar lebih tinggi dibanding kota metropolitan, peningkatan kondisi fisik/lingkungan tersebut signifikan terjadi pada indikator jalan lingkungan, drainase, penyediaan air minum, dan pengelolaan sanitasi/air limbah, sedangkan pada indikator bangunan rumah, proteksi kebakaran dan persampahan mengalami peningkatan yang relatif kecil; (3) kinerja pelaksanaan kebijakan pengentasan permukiman kumuh telah terlaksana secara efektif terutama pada aspek fisik/lingkungan dan sosial kecuali kebijakan aspek ekonomi, dan kinerja pelaksanaan kebijakan di kota besar lebih efektif daripada kota metropolitan; (4) model pengentasan permukiman kumuh berkelanjutan menunjukkan bahwa kondisi fisik/lingkungan permukiman dipengaruhi oleh faktor-faktor tingkat efektivitas kebijakan pemerintah terutama kebijakan aspek lingkungan, rasa saling percaya (trust) dalam masyarakat, ketersediaan fasilitas bantuan keuangan, daya beli, status penguasaan lahan, tingkat pendidikan, serta tipologi besaran kota, tipologi lokasi geografis, dan tipologi tingkat kekumuhan, sehingga pengentasan permukiman kumuh sesuai tipologinya memerlukan penanganan yang berbeda.

Although alleviation of slums has succeeded in reducing the percentage of slums area, the goal of implementing slums has not been achieved in a sustainable manner. This research aims to analyze: (1) the socio-economic conditions of the people in slums; (2) the physical/neighborhood conditions of the settlements after the alleviation of slums; (3) the level of effectiveness of the implementation of slums policies; (4) a model for the sustainable alleviation of slums. This research uses quantitative methods with descriptive analysis and linear regression analysis based on people's perceptions in slums. The location of the research was carried out on settlements which were and/or had been alleviated in Semarang City which represented metropolitan cities and Pontianak City which represented big cities. The research sample is the household determined by simple random sampling. The results of the research indicate that: (1) the socio-economic conditions after the alleviation of slums are generally characterized by factors: low education level, ownership status of owned land, high mutual trust and better purchasing power, and the availability of financial assistance facilities; and the existence of these factors which affect the physical/neighborhood conditions in slums; (2) the physical/neighborhood after the alleviation of slums has increased significantly, the increase in big cities is higher than the metropolitan city, the increase in physical/neighborhood conditions is significant in indicators of road, drainage, drinking water supply, and sanitation management/waste water, while the indicators of building houses, fire protection and solid waste experience a relatively small increase; (3) the performance of the implementation of slums alleviation policies has been carried out effectively, especially in the physical/neighborhood and social aspects except for economic aspects of the policy, and the performance of policy implementation in big cities is more effective than the metropolitan city; (4) the model of sustainable slums alleviation shows that the physical/neighborhood condition is influenced by the factors of effectiveness of government policies, especially environmental aspects, mutual trust in the community, availability of financial assistance facilities, purchasing power, land tenure status, level education, as well as typology of city magnitude, typology of geographical location, and typology of slums levels, therefore alleviating slums according to their typology requires different treatment.

Kata Kunci : model pengentasan, permukiman kumuh, berkelanjutan, model of alleviation, slums, sustainable