Risiko Penularan Penyakit Dengue, Chikungunya, dan Zika berdasarkan Indeks Entomologi Nyamuk Aedes aegypti serta Deteksi Virus secara PCR di Desa Gergunung, Kabupaten Klaten

HILMAN HENDYAWAN, dr. Tri Baskoro Tunggul Satoto, M.Sc., Ph.D; Dr. drh. Sitti Rahmah Umniyati, S.U.

2018 | Tesis | MAGISTER ILMU KEDOKTERAN TROPIS

Pendahuluan : DENV atau virus dengue sebagai salah satu virus yang ditularkan oleh nyamuk Aedes aegypti diketahui penyebarannya tergolong cepat di wilayah tropis (Sachdeva and Dutta, 2012). Distribusi vektor nyamuk Aedes aegypti yang luas dan penyebaran virus yang cepat menyebabkan perlu diketahuinya risiko penularan penyakit tular Aedes aegypti berdasarkan indeks entomologi serta konfirmasi deteksi virus secara PCR. Prioritas dalam upaya pencegahan dan pengendalian penyakit tular Aedes aegypti di suatu wilayah dapat ditentukan berdasarkan risiko penularan penyakit tular Aedes aegypti yang telah diketahui. Pentingnya informasi mengenai risiko penularan penyakit tular Aedes aegypti di daerah endemis seperti Kabupaten Klaten menyebabkan perlu dilakukan penelitian terkait hal tersebut. Oleh sebab itu, penelitian untuk mengetahui risiko penularan penyakit dengue, chikungunya, dan Zika di Kabupaten Klaten ini dilakukan. Penelitian ini dilakukan di salah satu desa yang termasuk wilayah Kabupaten Klaten yaitu Desa Gergunung. Tujuan : Penelitian dilakukan dengan tujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran kepadatan nyamuk Aedes aegypti, membuktikan adanya virus dengue, chikungunya, dan Zika pada nyamuk Aedes aegypti, dan menentukan risiko penularan penyakit dengue, chikungunya, dan Zika berdasarkan indeks entomologi nyamuk Aedes aegypti serta konfirmasi deteksi virus secara PCR di Desa Gergunung, Kabupaten Klaten. Metode : Tahap penelitian ini meliputi pengambilan sampel nyamuk Aedes aegypti berupa larva dan telur, pengambilan data penduduk, dan deteksi virus secara PCR. Deteksi virus dengue dilakukan berdasarkan Lanciotti et al. (1992). Deteksi virus chikungunya dilakukan berdasarkan Gopal and Kumar (2012). Deteksi virus Zika dilakukan berdasarkan Balm et al. (2012) dan NIV (2016). Hasil : Kepadatan nyamuk Aedes aegypti tergolong sedang dan lebih tinggi kepadatannya dibandingkan Aedes albopictus berdasarkan nilai DF 2-5. Deteksi virus secara PCR menunjukkan hasil negatif pada virus dengue serta chikungunya dan hasil positif pada virus Zila.Indeks larva dan ovitrap index tidak dapat digunakan untuk menentukan risiko penularan penyakit dengue, chikungunya, dan Zika di Kabupaten Klaten khusunya Desa Gergunung. Risiko penularan Zika di Dusun Rinembe dan Kwoso dengan MIR 80 lebih tinggi dibandingkan Dusun Ngemplak dengan MIR 40. Kesimpulan : Kepadatan nyamuk Aedes aegypti tergolong sedang dan lebih banyak dibandingkan nyamuk Aedes albopictus di Desa Gergunung, Kabupaten Klaten. Virus Zika terbukti ada pada nyamuk Aedes aegypti di Desa Gergunung, Kabupaten Klaten. Risiko penularan penyakit Zika di Dusun Rinembe dan Ngemplak lebih tinggi dibandingkan risiko penularan penyakit Zika di Dusun Kwoso, Desa Gergunung, Kabupaten Klaten.

Introduction : Dengue virus is one of viruses that transmitted by Aedes aegypti mosquito. Aedes aegypti mosquito has known to spread rapidly in the tropical area (Sachdeva and Dutta, 2012). Wide distribution of Aedes aegypti mosquito as vector and rapid spread of the virus leads the risk of Aedes aegypti borne diseases transmission has to be determined. Risk of Aedes aegypti borne diseases transmission can be determined by entomological index of Aedes aegypti. The presence of virus in Aedes aegypti mosquito also needs to be detected to confirm the risk of Aedes aegypti borne diseases transmission using PCR method. Risk of Aedes aegypti borne diseases transmisson is important to decide priority in prevention and mitigation of Aedes aegypti borne diseases especially in endemic area. Endemic areas such as Klaten Regency requires study to find out about risk of Aedes aegypti borne diseases transmisson. Therefore, this study to find out about risk of dengue, chikungunya, and Zika transmission in Klaten was needed. This study was conducted in Gergunung Village as one of villages belonging to Klaten Regency. Objectives : The objective of this study is to find out the description of Aedes aegypti mosquito density, to prove the existence of dengue, chikungunya and Zika virus on Aedes aegypti mosquito, and to determine the risk of dengue, chikungunya and Zika transmission based on Aedes aegypti mosquito entomology index and confirmation of PCR virus detection in Gergunung Village, Klaten District Method : The method of this study includes sampling of Aedes aegypti mosquito larva and egg, population data collection, and PCR virus detection. Detection of dengue virus was done based on Lanciotti et al. (1992). Chikungunya virus detection is done based on Gopal and Kumar (2012). Zika virus detection was done based on Balm et al. (2012) and NIV (2016). Results : The density of Aedes aegypti is moderate and higher in density than Aedes albopictus based on DF values of 2-5. PCR virus detection showed negative results in dengue and chikungunya virus and positive results in Zika virus. Larval index and ovitrap index can not be used to determine the risk of dengue, chikungunya and Zika transmission in Klaten Regency especially in Gergunung Village. The risk of Zika transmisson in Rinembe and Kwoso Subvillage with MIR 80 is higher than Ngemplak Subvillage with MIR 40 Conclusion : The density of Aedes aegypti is moderate and more than Aedes albopictus in Gergunung Village, Klaten Regency. Zika Virus is proven in Aedes aegypti mosquito in Gergunung Village, Klaten Regency. The risk of Zika transmission in Rinembe and Ngemplak Subvillage is higher than in Kwoso Subvillage, Gergunung Village, Klaten Regency.

Kata Kunci : Dengue, Chikungunya, Zika, Aedes, Klaten