KARAKTERISTIK HABITAT PERKEMBANGBIAKAN DAN DISTRIBUSI GEOGRAFIS LARVA Anopheles sp. DI WILAYAH KERJA PUSKESMAS RONDOMAYANG KECAMATAN BAMBALAMOTU KABUPATEN MAMUJU UTARA PROPINSI SULAWESI BARAT

IRWAN ADI PUTRA, Dr. Tri Baskoro Tunggul Satoto, M.Sc.,Ph.D.; Anis Fuad, DEA

2018 | Tesis | MAGISTER ILMU KEDOKTERAN TROPIS

Latar belakang : Malaria merupakan penyakit menular tropis yang distribusi dan persebarannya luas di dunia terutama daerah tropis dan sub tropis, hampir separuh populasi dunia berisiko malaria. Adanya kasus indegeneous dan introduced mengindikasikan sebagian besar wilayah di Provinsi Sulawesi Barat merupakan daerah reseptiv, oleh karena itu mengetahui dan memahami karakteristik habitat serta distribusi geografisnya menjadi hal mutlak dalam epidemiologi penyakit tular vektor malaria, sehingga dapat dipergunakan sebagai dasar dalam upaya pengendalian. Tujuan : Untuk mengetahui karakakteristik habitat perkembangbiakan larva Anopheles sp. dan gambaran distribusi geografisnya di wilayah kerja Puskesmas Rondomayang Kab. Mamuju Utara Provinsi Sulawesi Barat. Metode : Penelitian ini bersifat deskriptif analitik dengan pendekatan Cross sectional study. Survei habitat larva dan perilaku nyamuk Anopheles.sp dilakukan di lokasi penelitian yang ditentukan berdasarkan kriteria khusus sehingga diperoleh karakteristik habitat, spesies larva dan nyamuk, perilaku nyamuk serta distribusi geografis Anopheles Sp Hasil : Dari 65 habitat potensial yang diperiksa 47 habitat (72,31%) ditemukan positif larva Anopheles Sp, persentase positif tertinggi : tepi sungai 100%, kobakan 85,71%, Parit 85%, kolam 60% sedangkan untuk jenis habitat tambak, rawa air payau, rembesan air dan lagun tidak ditemukan adanya larva Anopheles sp. dengan keberadaan air sementara 77,42%, tetap 67,65%, pergerakan air lambat 92,59% dan Tergenang 57,89 %. Pada Suhu air 27º - 28º C dari 37 habitat 83,78%, pH air 4 – 6 dari 44 habitat 73,33%, Salinitas 0 ‰ dari 55 habitat 81,82%, vegetasi ada dari 39 habitat 69,64%, predator alami ada dari 53 habitat 67,92%, Densitas larva larva tepi sungai 4,13 percidukan, parit 2,77 percidukan, kobakan 1,74 percidukan, dan kolam 33 0,66 percidukan. Spesies larva dan nyamuk Anopheles yang ditemukan 14 spesies: An.tesselatus, An. ludlowae, An. vagus, An. kochi, An. flavirostris, An. aconitus, An. maculatus, An. sulawesi, An. crowfordi, An. sinensis, An. leucosphyrus Group, An. barbirostris, An. barbumrosus, An. subpictus. Perilaku nyamuk menggigit paling banyak didapatkan melalui metode umpan orang luar eksofagik, Spesies Anopheles barbirostris dengan MHD 15,75 ekor/orang/jam pada pukul 01.00 – 02.00 untuk pemilihan hospes bersifat zoo-anthropofilik atau menyukai darah binatang dan manusia. Pengambilan titik koordinat memberikan gambaran distribusi geografis habitat larva nyamuk Anopheles Sp yang tersebar di lokasi penelitian pada topografi yang berbeda dengan komposisi jenis spesies serta sebaran penderita dalam radius 500m dari habitat. Kesimpulan : Karakteristik habitat perkembangbiakan Anopheles sp di wilayah kerja Puskesmas Rondomayang mendukung keberadaan vektor dan keragaman spesies karena faktor lingkungan serta iklim yang menunjang sehingga kasus malaria indegeneous serta kasus introduced masih tetap ada.

Background: Malaria is a tropical disease that have distributed and and widespread in the world especially tropical and sub-tropical regions, almost half of the populations were risk of malaria. The existence of indigeneous and introduced cases indicates that most of the areas in West Sulawesi Province were receptive, therefore understanding of habitat characterization and geographical distribution become important in the epidemiology of malaria vector infectious disease, so that it can be used as a basic in the control efforts. Objective: To identified characterization of Anopheles sp. habitats and geographical distribution in the working area of Rondomayang Health Center, North Mamuju District, West Sulawesi Province. Method: This research was analytical descriptive with Cross sectional study approach. Survey of Anopheles.sp larval and adult mosquitoes were conducted at selected location based on specific criteria to obtained characteristics of habitat, larval and mosquito species, mosquito behaviors and geographic distribution of Anopheles Sp. Result : A total Of 65 potential habitat were sampled, 47(72.31%) were found positive of Anopheles Sp larvae, the highest positive percentage were river side (100%), kobakan (85.71%), ditch (85%), pond (60%) while for habitat type such as fish pond, swamp brackish water, water seepage and lagoon were not found any Anopheles sp larvae. For water condition,temporary (77.42%), permanent (67.65%), slow water movement (92.59%) and stagnant (57.89%). Water temperature from 37 habitats ranged from 27ºC to 28º C (83,78%), water pH from 44 habitats ranged from 4 to 6 (73,33%), Salinity from 55 habitats was 0 ‰ (81,82%). Presence of vegetation from 39 habitat (69,64%), presence of natural predator from 53 habitat (67.92%). Density of larvae : river side (4.13 per dips), ditch (2.77 per dips), kobakan (1.74 per dips) and pond (0.66 per dips). Fourteen Anopheles larvae and adult mosquito have been found such as : An.tesselatus, An. ludlowae, An. vagus, An. kochi, An. flavirostris, An. aconitus, An. maculatus, An. sulawesi, An. crowfordi, An. sinensis, An. leucosphyrus Group, An. barbirostris, An. barbumrosus, An. subpictus. Biting behaviour of mosquitoes were mostly founded eksofagik (prefers biting outside), An.barbirostris species were captured with MHD are 15,75 mosquito/person/hour with peak biting time between 1 a.m to 2 a.m and prefers to biting human and animals (zooanthropofilik) .Determination of coordinate point provided an overview of the geographic distribution of Anopheles Sp mosquito larvae habitat scattered in the study area on different topography with species composition and distribution of patients within 500m from habitat. Conclusion: Characterization of breeding habitat of Anopheles sp in the work area of Rondomayang health centre was supported the existence of vector and species diversity due to environmental and climate factors that support indegeneous malaria cases and introduced cases still existed.

Kata Kunci : Anopheles sp., habitat, Distribusi, vektor malaria