ANALISIS SPASIAL KEJADIAN MALARIA DAN IDENTIFIKASI SPESIES KEMBAR ANOPHELES BARBIROSTRIS DI DESA LIFULEO KECAMATAN KUPANG BARAT

HANANI MELANGWALA L, dr. Tri Baskoro Tunggul Satoto, M.Sc. Ph.D; Anis Fuad, DEA

2018 | Tesis | MAGISTER ILMU KEDOKTERAN TROPIS

Latar belakang: Annual parasite Incidenci (API) di Desa Lifuleo sebesar 7,070/00 tahun 2015. Pengendalian malaria melalui pengobatan dan penggunaan kelambu belum berhasil menurunkan angka kesakitan. Anopheles barbirostris ditemukan mengisap darah manusia sepanjang hari di Desa Lifuleo, hal ini mengindikasikan adanya spesies kembar. Upaya pengendalian malaria dipengaruhi spesies kembar, karakteristik habitat perkembangbiakan, keragaman spesies dan perilaku nyamuk vektor. Tujuan penelitian adalah mempelajari kejadian malaria secara spasial dan mengidentifikasi spesies kembar Anopheles barbirostris. Metode: Observasional analitik dengan rancangan Cross Sectional digunakan untuk mempelajari bionomik Anopheles spp, spesies kembar An. barbirostris dan kejadian malaria secara spasial. Subyek penelitian yaitu kasus malaria, Anopheles spp serta habitat perkembangbiakannya. Penderita malaria (tahun 2014-2017) dan habitat perkembangbiakan diambil secara total sampling sedangkan sampel Anopheles spp secara random melalui survei nyamuk dan jentik. Variabel penelitian adalah kejadian malaria, keragaman spesies, waktu mengisap darah, tempat mengisap darah, perilaku istirahat Anopheles spp, spesies kembar An. barbirostris, jenis habitat perkembangbiakan, flora, fauna, kepadatan jentik, kadar garam, pH, dan jarak habitat perkembangbiakan. Analisis data dilakukan secara univariat, dan multivariat menggunakan Indeks moran I, Spatial Error Model , buffering, dan filogenik tree dengan pendekatan maximum likehood (kimura2). Hasil: Penderita malaria di Desa Lifuleo sebanyak 14 orang, laki-laki (71,4%) dan perempuan (28,6%). Jenis Plasmodium yang ditemukan yaitu P. falciparum dan P. vivax. Proporsi P.vivax (57,1%) sedikit lebih tinggi dari P.falciparum (42,9%). Kadar garam pada habitat berkisar 0-710/00. Derajat keasaman (pH) habitat berkisar antara 5,2-9,4. Spesies Anopheles tertangkap yaitu Anopheles barbirostris, An. subpictus , An. umbrosus, An.vagus, An. vagus var limosus dan An. indefinitus. Anopheles barbirostris dan An. subpictus mengisap darah manusia sepanjang hari. Ditemukan perbedaan urutan basa kedua dari An. barbirostris yaitu A dan C. Model dari Analisis multivariate hubungan bionomik habitat adalah Y = 0.693868 - 0.248202 (X1) + 0.247702 (X2) + 0.280063 (X6) + u dengan u= -0.606017Wu+E Kesimpulan: Penderita malaria di Desa Lifuleo mengelompok di sekitar habitat Anopheles spp. Anopheles barbirostris di Desa Lifuleo merupakan spesies out group sekaligus spesies kembar sympatric.

Background: Annual parasite Incidenci (API) in Lifuleo Village is 7.07 0/00 in 2015. Malaria control through treatment and use of mosquito nets has not succeeded in reducing morbidity. Anopheles barbirostris is found to human bitting the day in Lifuleo Village, this indicates the presence of sibling species. Efforts to control malaria are affected by sibling species, characteristics of breeding habitats, species diversity and vector mosquito behavior. The aim of the study was incidence of malaria spatially and identify sibling species of Anopheles barbirostris. Method: Analytical observational with Cross Sectional design was used to study Anopheles spp bionomics, sibling species An. barbirostris and spatial malaria incidence. The research subjects were malaria cases, Anopheles spp and their breeding habitat. Malaria cases (2014-2017) and breeding habitats were taken in total sampling while the Anopheles spp samples were randomized through mosquito and larvae surveys. The research variables were malaria incidence, species diversity, bitting time, bitting location, resting behavior of Anopheles spp, sibling species An. barbirostris, breeding habitat types, flora, fauna, larvae density, salinity, pH, and breeding habitat range. Data analysis was carried out by univariate, and multivariate using Moran I Index, Spatial Error Model, buffering, and phylogeny tree with maximum likelihood approach (Kimura2). Results: Malaria cases in the village of Lifuleo were 14 people, men (71.4%) and women (28.6%). Plasmodium types found were P. falciparum and P. vivax. The proportion of P.vivax (57.1%) was slightly higher than P.falciparum (42.9%). Salt levels in habitats range from 0-710/00. The degree of acidity (pH) habitat ranges between 5.2-9.4. Anopheles species caught are Anopheles barbirostris, An. subpictus, An. umbrosus, An.vagus, An. vagus var limosus and An. indefinitus. Anopheles barbirostris and An. subpictus bitting human throughout the day. Differences in the second base sequence from An. barbirostris namely A and C. The model of multivariate analysis of the relationship of habitat bionomics is Y = 0.693868 - 0.248202 (X1) + 0.247702 (X2) + 0.280063 (X6) + u with u = -0.606017Wu + E. Conclusion: Malaria cases in Lifuleo Village cluster around Anopheles spp habitat. Anopheles barbirostris in the village of Lifuleo is a species out group and sibling species sympatric.

Kata Kunci : malaria, spatial, sibling species Anopheles barbirostris.