Negosiasi dan Kontribusi Ekonomi dalam Keluarga (Studi pada Perempuan Surveyor Freelance di Yogyakarta)

SETO WATUGUNUNG R., Prof. Dr. Partini, S.u.

2018 | Tesis | MAGISTER SOSIOLOGI

ABSTRAK Keluarga sebagai satuan sosial terkecil merupakan bagian dari masyarakat yang mengalami perubahan sosial. Salah satu perubahan tersebut adalah pergeseran peran perempuan dalam pengambilan keputusan keluarga melalui mekanisme negosiasi dan kontribusinya dalam perekonomian keluarga. Dunia penelitian di Indonesia turut menyediakan lapangan pekerjaan bagi para lulusan perguruan tinggi, salah satunya adalah pekerjaan sebagai surveyor freelance. Perubahan sosial dalam keluarga tersebut juga dialami oleh keluarga perempuan surveyor freelance dari 3 lembaga penelitian di Yogyakarta. Dengan karakteristik pekerjaan yang mengharuskan para perempuan yang menekuni pekerjaan ini untuk keluar rumah dalam waktu yang lama, maka muncul dinamika negosiasi dalam pola relasi perkawinan dan selanjutnya berdampak pada pembagian peran publik dan domestik dalam rumah tangga perempuan surveyor freelance. Para perempuan ini berani menghadapi tantangan dan mengatur strategi untuk dapat melakukan pekerjaannya karena pekerjaan ini memberikan kontribusi ekonomi rumah tangga yang penting. Beberapa diantara perempuan ini menjadi kontributor utama dalam perekonomian keluarga, mempunyai penghasilan yang sama atau bahkan lebih besar dari suaminya, serta mempunyai kemampuan mencukupi kebutuhannya sendiri dengan tidak bergantung pada suaminya. Pola relasi yang ditemui dalam perkawinan para pekerja surveyor ini adalah senior-junior, equal partner, dan juga gabungan keduanya. Dengan menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif, dari jumlah total informan 11 orang, 3 orang termasuk dalam relasi equal partner, 2 orang termasuk dalam relasi kombinasi antara senor-junior dan equal partner, 6 orang termasuk dalam relasi senior-junior. Masing-masing pola membawa implikasi yang berbeda terhadap negosiasi peran pengasuhan anak, pengambilan keputusan, dan kontribusi pada ekonomi rumah tangga. Hasil studi menunjukkan bahwa konstruksi sosial masyarakat patriarki mengalami perubahan dalam memposisikan kedudukan laki-laki dan perempuan dalam keluarga. Peran ganda pada gilirannya tidak selalu dilakukan oleh perempuan, tetapi dalam waktu-waktu tertentu juga harus dilakukan oleh laki-laki ketika pasangannya harus pergi bekerja di luar rumah dalam kurun waktu tertentu. Pada sisi yang lain, para perempuan ini juga mampu memanfaatkan peluang dukungan keluarga dan kemajuan teknologi untuk menjalankan peran domestik pengasuhan anak. Jenis pekerjaan sebagai surveyor freelance menghadapkan perempuan pada pilihan pengembangan diri, yaitu meningkatkan kapasitas dirinya untuk terlibat lebih substantif di dunia penelitian, atau kemudian mulai merintis usaha/pekerjaan lain yang lebih berkelanjutan dengan modal dari hasil menjadi surveyor freelance. Hasil studi menunjukkan bahwa beberapa memilih untuk mengembangkan diri dengan mulai merintis usaha atau pekerjaan lain yang berkelanjutan. Kata kunci : Surveyor perempuan freelance, konstruksi sosial, pola relasi, kontribusi ekonomi keluarga, peran ganda, negosiasi, tantangan dan strategi perempuan surveyor ABSTRACT Family as the smallest social unit of the society is part of the social change. One of the changes is the shift of women’s role in the decision maker of family through the mechanism of negotiation and the contribution in the economy of the family. The research world in Indonesia also provides the employment for the graduates of university, one of them is the job as freelance surveyor. The social change in the family is also experienced by the family of the women freelance surveyor from 3 research institutions in Yogyakarta. With the characteristic of the work requiring the women dealing with this work to go out of the house for a long time, then emerges the dynamics of negotiation in the pattern of marriage relation and furthermore has the impact on the division of public and domestic in the household role of women freelance surveyor in Yogyakarta. The women dare to face the challenge and set the strategy to be able to do the work because the work gives important contribution to the household economy. Among of these women become the main contribution in the economy of family, have the equal income, or even larger than their husbands, and have the ability to fulfill their own needs by not depending on their husbands. Relation pattern encountered in the marriage of the surveyor workers is the senior-junior, equal partner, and also combination of both of them. By using the method of qualitative research, from the total number of informants for 11 people, 3 people included in the relation of equal partner, 2 people included in the combination relation between senior –junior and equal partner, 5 people included in the relation of senior – junior. Each pattern brings the different implication on the negotiation of parenting role, the decision making and contribution in the economy of the household. The result of the study indicates that the social construction of patriarchy society changes in positioning the men and women in the family. The double role in turn is not always done by the women, but in certain times must also be done by the men when their spouse must go to work outside the house in the certain period of time. On the other hand, the women are also able to utilize the opportunity of the family support and the technology advances to run the domestic role of child care. The type of the work as the freelance surveyor exposes the women in the choice of self-development that is improving self-capacity to be involved more substantive in the research world, or then starting to pioneer the business/other works which is more sustainable with the capital from the result of becoming the freelance surveyor. The result of the study indicated that some of them choose to develop themselves by starting the business or other works which are sustainable. Keywords: Women freelance surveyor, social construction, relation pattern, economic contribution of the family, multiple roles, negotiation, challenge and strategy of women surveyor.

ABSTRACT Family as the smallest social unit of the society is part of the social change. One of the changes is the shift of women role in the decision maker of family through the mechanism of negotiation and the contribution in the economy of the family. The research world in Indonesia also provides the employment for the graduates of university, one of them is the job as freelance surveyor. The social change in the family is also experienced by the family of the women freelance surveyor from 3 research institutions in Yogyakarta. With the characteristic of the work requiring the women dealing with this work to go out of the house for a long time, then emerges the dynamics of negotiation in the pattern of marriage relation and furthermore has the impact on the division of public and domestik in the household role of women freelance surveyor in Yogyakarta. The women dare to face the challenge and set the strategy to be able to do the work because the work gives important contribution to the household economy. Among of these women become the main contribution in the economy of family, have the equal income, or even larger than their husbands, and have the ability to fulfill their own needs by not depending on their husbands. Relation pattern encountered in the marriage of the surveyor workers is the senior-junior, equal partner, and also combination of both of them. By using the method of qualitative research, from the total number of informants for 11 people, 3 people included in the relation of equal partner, 2 people included in the combination relation between senior –junior and equal partner, 5 people included in the relation of senior – junior. Each pattern brings the different implication on the negotiation of parenting role, the decision making and contribution in the economy of the household. The result of the study indicates that the social construction of patriarchy society changes in positioning the men and women in the family. The double role in turn is not always done by the women, but in certain times must also be done by the men when their spouse must go to work outside the house in the certain period of time. On the other hand, the women are also able to utilize the opportunity of the family support and the technology advances to run the domestik role of child care. The type of the work as the freelance surveyor exposes the women in the choice of self-development that is improving self-capacity to be involved more substantive in the research world, or then starting to pioneer the business/other works which is more sustainable with the capital from the result of becoming the freelance surveyor. The result of the study indicated that some of them choose to develop themselves by starting the business or other works which are sustainable.

Kata Kunci : Keywords: Women freelance surveyor, social construction, relation pattern, economic contribution of the family, multiple roles, negotiation, challenge and strategy of women surveyor.