Analisis Perilaku Motivasional Pengemudi Becak Sebagai Bahan Intervensi Kebijakan Penanganan Betor di Yogyakarta

ANNAS MAKRUF H J, Dr. Agus Heruanto Hadna, M.Si

2018 | Tesis | MAGISTER MANAJEMEN DAN KEBIJAKAN PUBLIK

Permasalahan becak dan betor di Yogyakarta belum mendapatkan solusi yang paripurna. Permasalahan semakin meluas, tidak hanya sebatas persoalan transportasi namun melebar menjadi permasalahan sosial, ekonomi, hukum bahkan masuk ranah politik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengungkapkan perilaku motivasional pengemudi becak dalam memodifikasi becak menjadi betor di tinjau dari Theory of Planned Behavior. Manfaatnya adalah untuk memperkaya bahan rumusan kebijakan penanganan betor di Yogyakarta. Metode penelitian ini adalah mix methods dengan survey lapangan. Data-data kuantitatif diperoleh dari distribusi kuisioner 75 orang responden pengemudi becak, dengan kuisioner yang lengkap sebanyak 58 buah. Data diolah dengan bantuan SPSS 20.0. Sample di ambil secara insidental berdasarkan pembagian 4 lokasi tempat mangkal. Hasil regresi linier berganda diperoleh persamaan Y = 17,33 + 0,058 X1 + 0,040 X2 + 0,113 X3 yang artinya variabel niat bernilai 17,33 dengan asumsi variabel sikap, norma subjektif dan kontrol perilaku bernilai 0. Hasil analisis determinasi diketahui pula bahwa hanya 17% variasi atau pengaruh niat pengemudi becak memodifikasi becak menjadi betor yang mampu dijelaskan sikap, norma subjektif dan kontrol perilaku, sisanya 83% dijelaskan oleh variabel lain yang tidak dianalisis dalam penelitian ini. Selanjutnya dari hasil Uji F diketahui bahwa variabel sikap (X1), norma subjektif (X2) dan kontrol perilaku (X3) secara simultan tidak secara signifikan berpengaruh terhadap niat (Y). Hasil uji statistik tersebut menunjukkan bahwa variabel penelitian tidak secara signifikan dapat menjelaskan niat memodifikasi becak menjadi betor dalam kerangka Theory of Planned Behavior. Hal tersebut karena ada beberapa faktor yang mempengaruhi seperti penerapan larangan pengoperasian becak bermotor melalui SE Gub No. 551.2/0316 sudah 15 tahun dan belum ada solusi paripurna. Sementara itu betor seringkali di razia, sehingga menimbulkan kekhawatiran. Keluarnya Perda DIY No. 5 tahun 2016, menunjukkan bahwa pemerintah melindungi dan melegalkan becak kayuh. Dengan fakta-fakta tersebut diatas, mengakibatkan mereka seolah pasrah pada nasib. Seperti statemen �¢ï¿½ï¿½kulo mbecak mawon tekan mati�¢ï¿½ï¿½ dan �¢ï¿½ï¿½pun ngoten niki mawon pun cekap�¢ï¿½ï¿½ dalam konteks mengapa mereka sampai saat ini belum �¢ï¿½ï¿½berubah�¢ï¿½ï¿½. Sementara itu masih kuatnya budaya dan tradisi terutama terkait kepatuhan terhadap raja semakin membuat persepsi mereka terhadap perubahan becak menjadi betor menjadi rendah. Gubernur DIY selaku kepala daerah adalah sekaligus raja jogja yang bertahta membawa persepsi bahwa larangan beroperasinya betor di maknai dengan titah raja terhadap rakyatnya agar mencari rejeki yang sesai peraturan. Dari hasil uji pengaruh parsial dapat disimpulkan bahwa hanya variabel kontrol perilaku yang berpengaruh secara signifikan terhadap niat pengemudi becak memodifikasi becak menjadi betor. Selain itu hasil uji pengaruh parsial terhadap karakteristik individu menunjukkan bahwa terdapat pengaruh signifikan variasi umur, lokasi mangkal, tingkat pendidikan, status kepemilikan becak dan kepesertaan pada paguyuban. Dari temuan tersebut dapat dijelaskan bahwa anteseden niat yaitu variabel sikap, norma subjektif dan kontrol perilaku di bentuk oleh beliefs yang kurang mendukung terhadap niat memodifikasi becak menjadi betor seperti usia lanjut, tingkat pendidikan rendah, kepesertaan paguyuban, status kepemilikan becak yang sewa, penghasilan yang dirasa cukup bagi mereka utamanya saat liburan atau yang punya langganan tetap. Selain itu, intensi individu untuk melakukan suatu perilaku perlu memperhatikan empat elemen utama dari intensi yaitu: Target atau sasaran dari perilaku yang dituju. Tingkat modifikasi yang ditemui beragam, mulai dari hanya menempelkan mesin motor bekas ke mekanisme penggerak, menyambungkan separoh rangka motor dengan rangka becak, sampai dengan modifikasi penuh terhadap rancang bangun becak. Ini menimbulkan kesulitan tersendiri dalam mewujudkannya. Setelah itu adalah faktor tindakan (action) dalam memodifikasi becak menjadi betor. Mereka faham bahwa betor dilarang dengan beberapa kali di lakukan razia yang di iringi dengan penyitaan atau penahanan. Kemudian faktor situasi saat perilaku ditampilkan (contex). Responden dalam penelitian ini 51,7 % becaknya adalah sewa. Sehingga persepsi memodifikasi becak menjadi betor menjadi rendah. Kemudian terakhir adalah waktu saat perilaku ditampilkan (time) yang dalam penelitian ini di batasi dalam kurun waktu satu tahun. Butuh perencanaan (keuangan) yang baik mulai dari menyisihkan penghasilan mereka untuk biaya modifikasi. Batas 1 tahun dalam konteks penelitian ini bagi mereka sangat singkat. Berdasar temuan tersebut pemerintah dalam mengambil pilihan kebijakan publik seyogyanya dapat lebih mempertimbangkan aspek keperilakuan dan motivasional, sehingga dapat lebih memberikan warna kebijakan yang lebih humanis, efektif, fleksibel dan deliberatif. Pemerintah perlu pula mengkaji faktor individu sebagai background factors pembentuk beliefs terutama faktor: usia, latar belakang pendidikan dan kepemilikan atas alat produksi (becak) dll. Dengan demikian memberikan dapat gambaran yang lebih utuh pada saat perumusan bahan kebijakan terkait dengan eksistensi para pengemudi becak tersebut. Selain itu harus memberi pilihan-pilihan jalan keluar bagi masyarakat terkait kebijakan regulatif yang di keluarkan. Terkait kebijakan pelarangan betor beroperasi, seharusnya di ikuti dengan serangkaian kebijakan pemberdayaan bagi para pengemudi becak, serta memberi solusi kongkrit terkait kondisi dan kebutuhan evolusi serta inovasi yang tidak bisa terelakkan. Kata Kunci : Theory of Planned Behavior, Becak, Betor, Kebijakan Publik

The issues of becak and betor in Yogyakarta has not solved thoroughly. The issue is getting wider. It is not only the problem of transportation but also the problem of social, economy, and law even politics as well. This research aims to reveal motivational behavior of becak drivers in modifying becak into betor if seen from the Theory of Planned Behavior. The benefit is to enrich the formulation materials of Betor Handling Policy in Yogyakarta. The method of the research was mix method with field survey. Quantitative data was collected from questionnaire distributions to 73 becak drivers as the respondents. The number of questionnaires completed was 58 questionnaires. The data was processed with SPSS 20.0. The sample was taken incidentally based on the division of 4 regular posts where they usually wait for the customers. The results of multiple linear regression show the equation of Y= 17.33 + 0.058 X1 + 0.040 X2 + 0.113 X3 meaning that the intention variable value is 17.33 with the assumption that the variables of attitude, subjective norms, and behavior control value is 0. The determination analysis result also shows that only 17 % variation or the influence of becak drivers�¢ï¿½ï¿½ intention in modifying becak into betor which can be explained by attitude, subjective norms, and behavior control, the other 83% is explained by other variables not analyzed in this research. After that, the result of F test shows that the variable of attitude (X1), subjective norms (X2), and behavior control (X3) simultaneously do not have significant influence toward intention (Y). The statistical test result shows that the research variables can not significantly explain the intention in modifying becak into betor in the Theory of Planned Behavior framing. It is caused by some other factors influencing the intention such as the implementation of motorized becak prohibition through SE Gub No. 551.2/0316 which has been 15 years yet it has not been given thorough solution. Meanwhile, betor is often raided that it raises anxiety. The establishment of Perda DIY No. 5 Year 2016 shows that the government protects and legalizes non-motorized becak. Based on the facts above, it causes them to be passive. As the statement �¢ï¿½ï¿½kulo mbecak mawon tekan mati�¢ï¿½ï¿½ (I will keep driving becak until I die) and �¢ï¿½ï¿½pun ngoten niki mawon pun cekap�¢ï¿½ï¿½ (I consider what I have now is enough for me) in the context of why their conditions have not been changed. Meanwhile, the strong culture and tradition especially regarding the obedience toward their king make their perception in turning becak into betor get lower. The Governor of DIY as the Head of the Region and the King of Jogja ruling in the city grows the perception that the prohibition of betor operation is considered as the King�¢ï¿½ï¿½s order to his people to earn money in accordance with the rules. From the result of partial influence test, it can be concluded that only the variable of behavior control has significant influence toward the becak drivers�¢ï¿½ï¿½ intention in modifying becak into betor. Beside that, the result of partial influence test shows that there is a significant influence of the variations of age, location of regular posts, educational level, becak ownership status, and community participation. From the findings, it can be explained that the antecedent of the intention namely the variables of attitude, subjective norms, and behavior control are shaped by beliefs which less support toward the intention in modifying becak into betor such as the old age, low educational level, community participation, rented becak ownership status, and income considered enough especially when holiday comes and when the drivers have their regular customers. Beside that, the individual intention to do certain behavior needs to consider four main elements of intention namely: target of the intended behavior. The levels of modification found vary starting from only installing used motor engine to the drive mechanism, connecting half of motorbike frame into becak frame, to fully modifying the becak design. It creates another problem in the realizing the modification. The next factor is action in modifying becak into betor. They understand that betor is prohibited as there are some raids are taken along with confiscating and taking the betor. Another factor is situation when the behavior is shown (context). The 51.7% respondents in this research rent the becak. Therefore, the perception in modifying becak into betor becomes low. The last factor is when the behavior is shown (time) which in this research, it is limited in a year. It needs good financial planning starting from saving their income for the modification cost and a-year limitation to modify the becak is considered very short. Based on the findings, the government should consider more the aspects of behavior and motivation in making public policy so that it may result in a more human, more effective, more flexible, and more deliberative policy. The government also needs to study the individual factors as the background factors shaping the beliefs especially the factors of age, educational background, and the ownership of the production tool (becak), etc. Thus, it can give a more complete description in the policy formulation related to the existence of the becak drivers. On the other hand, it must provide solutions for the public regarding to the regulating policy applied. Related to the prohibition policy of betor, it must be followed by a set of empowerment policies for the becak drivers and give concrete solutions regarding the conditions and needs of evolution and innovation which are unavoidable. Keywords: Theory of Planned Behavior, Becak, Betor, Public Policy

Kata Kunci : Theory of Planned Behavior, Becak, Betor, Kebijakan Publik