KONSUMSI DAN KETAHANAN PANGAN RUMAH TANGGA MISKIN DI INDONESIA

WARSITA, Dr. Jamhari, S.P., M.P.;Dr. Jangkung Handoyo Mulyo, M.Ec.;Prof. Dr. Ir. Masyhuri

2018 | Disertasi | S3 Ilmu Pertanian

Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk (a) Menganalisis pola konsumsi pangan dan nutrisi rumah tangga miskin di Indonesia, (b) Mengidentikasi faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi konsumsi pangan rumah tangga miskin di Indonesia (c) Mengestimasi elastisitas harga dan pendapatan konsumsi pangan dan nutrisi rumah tangga miskin di Indonesia, (d) Membandingkan elastisitas harga dan pendapatan antara rumah tangga miskin perdesaan dan perkotaan Indonesia, (e) Menganalisis tingkat ketahanan pangan rumah tangga miskin di Indonesia (f) Menganalisis perbedaan tingkat ketahanan pangan rumah tangga miskin perdesaan dan perkotaan di Indonesia, dan (g) Mengidentifikasi faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi tingkat ketahanan pangan rumah tangga miskin di Indonesia. Data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah data sekunder yang berasal dari hasil Survei Sosial Ekonomi Nasional (SUSENAS) tahun 2013. Jumlah sampel yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah sebanyak 13.703 rumah tangga miskin Indonesia tahun 2013. Konsumsi pangan diestimasi menggunakan model non linear Almost Ideal Demand Systems (NL/AIDS) dan diselesaikan dengan Full Information Maximum Likelihood (FIML). Estimasi konsumsi nutrisi dilakukan menggunakan pendekatan tidak langsung (indirect approach). Tingkat ketahanan pangan rumah tangga diukur menggunakan klasifikasi silang antara kecukupan energi dan proporsi pengeluaran pangan. Fungsi ketahanan pangan rumah tangga diestimasi menggunakan model regresi ordered probit. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pola konsumsi pangan dan nutirisi rumah tangga miskin di perdesaan dan perkotaan di Indonesia berbeda nyata. Konsumsi pangan rumah tangga miskin di Indonesia dipengaruhi oleh harga pangan, pendapatan rumah tangga, dan variabel sosiodemografi rumah tangga. Konsumsi pangan rumah tangga miskin di Indonesia sangat responsif terhadap perubahan harga dan pendapatan. Konsumsi kalori dan protein rumah tangga miskin di Indonesia juga sangat responsif terhadap perubahan pendapatan. Konsumsi kalori dan protein rumah tangga miskin Indonesia paling responsif terhadap perubahan harga serealia. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa proporsi rumah tangga miskin rawan pangan di perdesaan lebih besar dibanding di perkotaan. Sebaliknya proporsi rumah tangga miskin tahan pangan di perkotaan lebih besar daripada di perdesaan. Pendapatan, jumlah anggota rumah tangga yang bekerja, wilayah tempat tinggal, penerimaan bantuan siswa miskin, dan penerimaan jaminan kesehatan dari pemerintah berpengaruh secara positif terhadap ketahanan pangan rumah tangga miskin di Indonesia. Sedangkan jumlah anggota rumah tangga, area, harga serealia, harga umbian, harga pangan hewani, harga buahan dan sayuran, harga kacangan, harga minyak dan lemak, dan harga makanan dan minuman jadi berpengaruh secara negatif terhadap ketahanan pangan rumah tangga miskin di Indonesia.

The objectives of this study were to: (a) Analyze the food and nutrient consumption pattern of poor households in Indonesia, (b) Identify factors affecting the food consumption of poor households in Indonesia (c) Estimate the food and nutrient price and expenditure elasticity among poor households in Indonesia (d) Compare the price and expenditure elasticity between rural and urban poor households in Indonesia, (e) Analyze the food security level of poor households in Indonesia (f) Analyze differences in food security level between rural and urban poor households in Indonesia, and (g) Identify factors affecting the food security level of poor households in Indonesia. The data used in the present study was secondary data derived from the National Socioeconomic Survey (SUSENAS) in 2013. The number of sample used in this study was 13,703 of poor households in Indonesia in 2013. Food consumption was estimated using Non-Linear Almost Ideal Demand Systems (NL/AIDS) and finished using Full Information Maximum Likelihood. The nutrient consumption was estimated using an indirect approach. Household food security level was measured by cross classification between caloric adequacy and the food share. Identification of factors affecting household food security was done using an order probit regression model. The results showed that food consumption of poor households in Indonesia was very responsive to price and expenditure change. The consumption of calories and protein of poor households in Indonesia was very responsive to change in expenditure. Consumption of calories and protein of poor Indonesian households was most responsive to the change in cereals price. The analysis showed that the proportion of food insecure poor households in rural areas was greater than in urban areas. In contrast, the proportion of food secure poor households in urban areas was greater than in rural areas. Income, number of employed member, region, aid for poor students, and goverment health insurance positively affecting the food security of poor households in Indonesia. Meanwhile, the household size, area, the price of cereals, the price of the tubers, the price of animal products, the price of fruits and vegetables, the price of legumes, the price of oils and fats, and the price of prepared food and beverages were negatively associated with the food security of poor households in Indonesia.

Kata Kunci : Elastisitas, ketahanan pangan, nutrisi, pangan, rumah tangga miskin.