PERKEMBANGAN PENGELOLAAN WISATA ALAM OLEH MASYARAKAT LOKAL DI SEKSI PENGELOLAAN TAMAN NASIONAL WILAYAH II KROGOWANAN TAMAN NASIONAL GUNUNG MERBABU KABUPATEN MAGELANG

JAROT WAHYUDI, Dr. Ir. Dwita Hadi Rahmi, M.A.;Deva Fosterharoldas Swasto, S.T., M.Sc., Ph.D.

2018 | Tesis | S2 Perencanaan Kota dan Daerah

Kawasan Taman Nasional Gunung Merbabu (TNGMb) memiliki luas 5.820,49 hektar dan 36 desa penyangga. Zona pemanfaatan (Zonasi 2014) berupa wisata pendakian seluas 16,43 hektar yaitu jalur pendakian Selo, Wekas, Cuntel dan Tekelan. Muncul obyek wisata baru sejak 2015 dikelola oleh masyarakat lokal seperti jalur Suwanting, jalur Gancik dan lain-lain. Penelitian ini bertujuan menjelaskan perkembangan pengelolaan wisata alam oleh masyarakat lokal di SPTN Wilayah II dan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhinya. Metode yang digunakan Studi Kasus tipe Ganda dengan pendekatan analisa lintas periode dan lintas kasus (bentuk dan perkembangan wisata serta faktor-faktor berpengaruh). Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan wawancara mendalam terhadap pengelola lokal, tokoh masyarakat, perangkat desa, dan pengelola TNGMb. Jalur pendakian Wekas (kasus 1) berkembang sejak 1985 dan mulai dikelola kelompok pemuda GRABUPAL sejak 1995 (status hutan Perhutani); berkembang terus sampai status hutan TNGMb tahun 2004; jalur diakui Balai TNGMb melalui Zonasi 2011 dan 2014 berupa zona pemanfaatan wisata; GRABUPAL tahun 2015 berkembang dan memiliki obyek Merbabu Pass tahun 2017 pada zona tradisional (Zonasi 2017). Jalur pendakian Suwanting (kasus 2) mulai dikenal pendaki tahun 1994-1998 (saat hutan Perhutani), mulai ramai pendaki akhir 2014 dan awal 2015 (saat hutan TNGMb); jalur pendakian belum diakui Balai TNGMb pada Zonasi 2011 dan 2014; pengelolaan baru dilakukan oleh kelompok pemuda KAPPALA per Mei 2015; terjadi monopoli oleh KAPPALA, pengelolaan diambil alih ke tingkat dusun per Mei 2016 bernama Suwanting Indah; jalur pendakian berada pada zona pemanfaatan wisata di Zonasi 2017. Pengelolaan wisata di TNGMb termasuk dalam perkembangan wisata bentuk spontaneous (terbuka) berdasar aspek tata ruang kawasan wisata dan memiliki bentuk berbaur berdasar aspek kegiatan wisatawan. Berdasarkan tahapan siklus wisata Butler (1980) bahwa pengelolaan wisata ini berada pada fase ke-3 Tahap Pembangunan (Development) dari 7 fase tahapan. Faktor-faktor yang berpengaruh ada 10 buah terdiri dari 5 faktor internal (Aksesibilitas Obyek, SDM Pengelola, Sarana dan Prasarana Wisata, Motivasi Ekonomi, dan Dukungan Internal) dan 5 faktor eksternal (Promosi Wisata, Motivasi Wisatawan, Dukungan Eksternal, Kerjasama Pihak Lain, dan Peraturan Kawasan Konservasi).

Gunung Merbabu National Park Area (bahasa: TNGMb) has 5,820,49 ha of area width and 36 buffering villages. The utilization zone (Zonasi, 2014) of climbing tourism are exist with 16.43 ha area, such as climbing routes of Selo, Wekas, Cuntel, and Tekelan. New tourism objects are emerging since 2015 which managed by the local community, including the Suwanting route, Gancik route, and others. This research is aimed to describe the development progress of nature tourism management by local community in the Krogowanan Region II of management section of national park (bahasa: SPTN) and the determining factors. The method used was Multiple Case Studies through cross-period and cross-case approaches (the form and development progress of tourism along with the determining factors). The data was collected through in-depth interview towards local managements, local figures, village administration staffs, and the managements of TNGMb. The Wekas climbing route (case 1) has been developed since 1985 and started to be managed by teenagers group of GRABUPAL since 1995 (the forest is owned by Indonesian State Forest Company/Perhutani); which continues to growth until the forest status was changed into TNGMb in 2004; the route was legally admitted by TNGMb Office through 2011 and 2014 zonation which determined as tourism utilization zones; in 2015, GRABUPAL has been developed and in 2017 has established a Merbabu Pass in the traditional zone (Zonasi, 2017). The climbing route of Suwanting (Case 2) started to be discovered by hikers in 1994-1998 (still owned by Perhutani), it starts to frequently visited by hikers in the end of 2014 and early 2015 (the status has changed into TNGMb); the climbing route has not been legally admitted by TNGMb Office in 2011 and 2014 Zonation; the management were initially started by teenagers group of KAPPALA in Mei 2015; KAPPALA has been monopolized the route, thus, the management was taken over by sub-village level since Mei 2016 which named as Suwanting Indah; the climbing route is located in tourism utilization zone of Zonation 2017. The tourism management in TNGMb is categorized as a spontaneous form of tourism development in accordance with the aspect of spatial management of tourism area and characterized as a blending from by referring to tourism activity aspect. According to the phases of Butler tourism cycle (1980), this tourism management is positioned on the third phase of Development out of 7 phases that available. There are 10 determining factors consist of 5 internal factors (Object Accessibility, The Human Resources of the Management, Tourism Facilities and Infrastructures, Economic Motivations, and Internal Supports) and 5 external factors (The Promotion of Tourism, The Motivation of Tourists, External Supports, Cooperation with The Other Parties, and Conservation Area Regulation).

Kata Kunci : masyarakat lokal, studi kasus, taman nasional, wisata alam