HUBUNGAN STATUS SOSIAL EKONOMI, KUALITAS AIR MINUM DAN SANITASI DASAR, SERTA MORBIDITAS DIARE DI INDONESIA

LENY TRIHARTATI, Dr. Evita Hanie Pangaribowo, M.IDEC

2018 | Tesis | S2 Ekonomika Pembangunan

INTISARI Indonesia telah mengalami peningkatan persentase jumlah rumah tangga terhadap akses air minum dan sanitasi layak sepanjang tahun 2011-2016. Air minum dan sanitasi dasar yang layak sangat berkaitan dengan tingkat kesehatan individu, utamanya pada penyakit diare. Harapannya, dengan peningkatan akses tersebut akan mengakibatkan menurunnya jumlah kasus penderita diare pada seluruh wilayah di Indonesia. Namun, pada kenyataannya berdasarkan data dari Kementerian Kesehatan RI, jumlah penderita diare masih tergolong tinggi. Penelitian ini menggunakan data Susenas Badan Pusat Statistik 2013 dan bertujuan untuk menganalisis: (1) hubungan antara status sosial ekonomi terhadap pilihan kualitas air minum, kualitas sanitasi dasar, dan morbiditas diaredalam rumah tangga; (2) hubungan kualitas air minum terhadap morbiditas diare; (3) hubungan kualitas sanitasi dasar terhadap morbiditas diare; (4) hubungan mediasi, apakah kualitas air minum dan sanitasi dasar memediasi pengaruh status sosial ekonomi terhadap morbiditas diare. Metode analisis yang digunakan adalah analisis deskriptif dengan menghitung wealth index score per rumah tangga sebagai gambaran status sosial ekonomi, serta memetakan rumah tangga per provinsi berdasarkan air minum dan sanitasi layak. Selain itu, penelitian ini juga menggunakan analisis inferensial dengan metode Partial Least Square-Path Modeling (PLS-PM) untuk mengestimasi hubungan dan pengaruh variabel-variabel laten yang digunakan secara simultan. Hasil dari penelitian menunjukkan bahwa status sosial ekonomi berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap kualitas air minum dan juga terhadap kualitas sanitasi dasar. Namun status sosial ekonomi rumah tangga memiliki hubungan negatif dan signifikan terhadap morbiditas diare. Indikator yang valid dan reliabel sebagai pengukur status sosial ekonomi rumah tangga adalah kepemilikan aset berupa rumah, sepeda motor, dan kulkas. Sementara itu, hubungan kualitas air minum terhadap morbiditas diare adalah negatif dan signifikan dengan indikator kualitas air minum yang valid berupa jenis sumber air minum dan lokasi sumber air minum berada. Hubungan kualitas sanitasi dasar terhadap morbiditas diare terbukti signifikan dan negatif dengan indikator kualitas sanitasi dasar yang paling valid dan reliabel adalah jenis kloset, kepemilikan kloset, dan tempat pembuangan akhir tinja. Pada hubungan mediasi dapat dinyatakan bahwa kualitas air minum dan sanitasi dasar merupakan mediator yang signifikan pada pengaruh status sosial ekonomi terhadap morbiditas diare.

ABSTRACT The percentage of number of household toward the access of drinking water and decent sanitation for throughout 2011-2016 increased in Indonesia. Drinking water and decent basic sanitation relate to the level of individual health, especially on diarrhea. Expectedly, this rising number can decrease the number of patients with diarrhea in every region in Indonesia. However, the fact shows that, based on the data from the Ministry of Health of Republic of Indonesia, the number of patients with diarrhea is still high. This research deploys the data from National Socio-Economic Survey (SUSENAS) of the Central Bureau of Statistics 2013 and aims to analyze: (1) the relation between socio-economic status toward the selected drinking water quality, basic sanitation quality, and diarrhea morbidity in household. (2) the relation of drinking water quality toward diarrhea morbidity. (3) the relation of basic sanitation quality toward diarrhea morbidity. (4) the relation of mediation, if the drinking water quality and basic sanitation can mediate the impact of socio-economic status toward diarrhea morbidity. The analysis method applied in this research is descriptive analysis by measuring the wealth index score of each household as the description of its socio-economic status and maps the household in every province based on its drinking water and decent sanitation. Moreover, this research also employs the inferential analysis with the method of Partial Least Square-Path Modelling (PLS-PM) to estimate the relation and impact of latent variables used simultaneously. The result of this research shows that the socio-economic status positively and significantly affects the drinking water quality and basic sanitation quality. However, the socio-economic status of household has negative and significant relation toward the diarrhea morbidity. A valid and reliable indicator to measure the socio-economic status of household is the asset ownership such as houses, motorbikes, and refrigerators. On the other hand, the relation of drinking water quality toward diarrhea morbidity is negative and significant with the valid indicator of drinking water quality like the drinking water sources and the existed location of drinking water sources. The relation of basic sanitation quality toward the diarrhea morbidity was proven significant and negative with the most valid and reliable indicators of basic sanitation quality such as the types of closet, the ownership of closet, and disposal of human waste. On the relation of mediation, it can be stated that drinking water quality and basic sanitation are the significant media on the impact of socio-economic status toward diarrhea morbidity.

Kata Kunci : sosial ekonomi, kualitas air minum dan sanitasi, diare, PLS-PM/ socioeconomic status, water quality and sanitation, diarrhea, PLS-PM