Kajian Morfologis dan Fisiologis Pertumbuhan dan Perkembangan Benih Kawista (Feronia Limonia (L.) Swingle)

ENDANG DEWI MURRINIE, Prof. Dr. Ir. Prapto Yudono, M. Sc.; Dr. Ir. Azis Purwantoro, M.Sc.; Dr. Ir. Endang Sulistyaningsih, M. Sc.

2018 | Disertasi | S3 Agronomi

Tanaman kawista (Feronia limonia (L.) Swingle) adalah tanaman buah yang termasuk dalam famili Rutaceae. Meskipun tanaman kawista mempunyai nilai nutrisi tinggi dan banyak manfaat, namun belum banyak upaya untuk mengembangkan dalam skala komersial. Saat ini tanaman kawista termasuk dalam status tanaman langka pada kategori terancam punah. Kajian morfologis dan fisiologis pertumbuhan dan perkembangan benih kawista dilakukan dengan tujuan (1) mengetahui perubahan morfologis dan fisiologis selama pertumbuhan dan perkembangan bunga, buah dan biji kawista; (2) menentukan saat masak fisiologis benih kawista berdasarkan fase pertumbuhan dan umur buah serta variabel yang berpengaruh langsung terhadap masak fisiologis benih; dan (3) mengetahui pengaruh pemeraman buah (waktu ekstraksi benih) pada berbagai umur buah terhadap viabilitas benih dan penentuan sifat benih untuk tujuan penyimpanan. Penelitian dilakukan Bulan September 2013 sampai Desember 2014 dengan menggunakan benih kawista dari Desa Dasun, Kecamatan Lasem, Kabupaten Rembang, Provinsi Jawa Tengah yang mempunyai ketinggian lima meter dari permukaan air laut. Rancangan percobaan yang digunakan adalah rancangan acak lengkap. Data dianalisis menggunakan analisis varian, regresi dan korelasi serta analisis lintas. Perbedaan antar perlakuan diuji dengan Duncan�s Multiple Range Test 5%. Hasil pengamatan yang bersifat kualitatif dianalisis secara deskriptif. Data dianalisis dengan menggunakan software R version 3.1.1. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan (1) Pertumbuhan dan perkembangan bunga, buah dan biji kawista secara morfologis dan fisiologis terbagi 3 fase sebagai berikut: (a) pertumbuhan dan perkembangan bunga kawista (Fr) terdiri 3 sub-fase, yaitu Fr1: inisiasi tunas bunga sampai terbentuk rangkaian bunga, Fr2: perkembangan kuncup bunga sampai anthesis, dan Fr3: penyerbukan dan pembuahan. Waktu untuk inisiasi tunas bunga sampai anthesis berkisar 20-26 hari; (b) pertumbuhan dan perkembangan buah kawista (Ft) terdiri 3 sub-fase, yaitu Ft1: inisiasi buah sampai buah muda (1-6 minggu setelah anthesis/MSA), Ft2: pertumbuhan buah muda sampai buah dewasa mencapai ukuran maksimum (7-24 MSA) dan terjadi perubahan warna buah, dan Ft3: pemasakan buah sampai buah masak tepat rontok (25-35 MSA atau 8-8,75 bulan setelah anthesis/BSA). Selama pertumbuhan dan perkembangan buah, terjadi peningkatan kandungan gula dan padatan total terlarut, sebaliknya kandungan fenol buah menurun; dan (c) pertumbuhan dan perkembangan biji kawista setelah anthesis (Sd) terdiri 4 sub-fase, yaitu Sd1: pembentukan biji di dalam buah setelah penyerbukan dan pembuahan pada 1 hari setelah anthesis, Sd2: perkembangan biji secara lambat pada 5-16 MSA atau 1-4 bulan setelah anthesis (BSA), Sd3: tahap perkembangan biji secara cepat pada 5-8 BSA dan mencapai ukuran maksimum pada 8 BSA, dan Sd4: pemasakan biji mulai 8 BSA sampai buah masak tepat rontok pada umur 8,25-8,75 BSA. Selama pertumbuhan dan perkembangan biji kawista terjadi penurunan kadar air, sebaliknya terjadi peningkatan bobot kering, kadar pati, protein dan lemak biji; (2) Masak fisiologi benih kawista terjadi saat buah masak rontok, yaitu umur 8,25-8,75 BSA dengan ciri bobot kering benih maksimum (30,6 mg); kadar air minimum (13,01%); persentase perkecambahan maksimum (97,71%); pemunculan bibit maksimum (96,67%) dan bobot kering bibit maksimum (83,8 mg). Karakter yang berpengaruh langsung terhadap kemasakan fisiologis benih kawista adalah bobot buah, bobot kering benih dan kadar pati benih; (3) Pemeraman selama 6 hari pada buah kawista umur 8 BSA meningkatkan viabilitas benih, sedangkan buah masak rontok tidak memerlukan pemeraman. Berdasarkan pengujian sifat benih menurut Hong & Ellis (1996), benih kawista termasuk dalam kelompok benih ortodoks.

Wood-apple (Feronia limonia (L.) Swingle) is a fruit plant that belongs to Rutaceae family. Although wood-apple hold many uses and high nutritional value and fairly high yield, so far there is not sufficient effort conducted to develop wood-apple plantation on a commercial level. At present, wood-apple belongs to group of endangered plant and is threatened to extinction. Morphological and physiological study on the growth and development of wood-apple seeds were conducted to examine (1) morphological and physiological changes during the growth and development of flowers, fruits and seeds of wood-apple; (2) the seed physiological maturity of wood-apple based on the growth phase and the age of fruit and the variables that directly affect its; and (3) the effect of seeds extraction time (post-harvest maturation storage fruit) at various age to the seeds viability and to classify the seed characteristics for storage purpose. The research was conducted from September 2013 to December 2014 using wood-apple seeds from Dasun Village of Lasem in Rembang Regency, Central Java Province at the elevation of 5 metres above sea level. The experimental design employed in this study was a complete randomized design. The data were analyzed by using analysis of variance, regression and correlation, and path analysis. The difference between treatments was verified by Duncan's Multiple Range Test of 5%. The results of qualitative observations were descriptively presented. The data were analyzed by using R software of 3.1.1 version. The results showed as follows: (1) Growth and development of wood-apple flowers, fruits and seeds morphologically and physiologically divided into 3 phases as follows: (a) growth and development of wood-apple flowers (Fr) consists of 3 sub-phases, namely Fr1: initiation of flower buds to form an inflorescentia, Fr2: flower bud development to anthesis, and Fr3: pollination and fertilization. The time for the initiation of flower buds to anthesis ranges from 20-26 days; (b) growth and development of wood-apple fruit (Ft) consists of 3 sub-phases, that is Ft1: initiation of fruit to young fruit (1-6 weeks after anthesis/WAA), Ft2: growth of young fruit until the mature fruit reaches maximum size (7-24 WAA) and color change occurs on the fruit, and Ft3: maturation of fruit until mature fruit exactly detached from the tree or the fallen mature fruit, was at 25-35 WAA or 8-8,75 months after anthesis/MAA. During the growth and development of fruit, there is an increase in sugar content and total soluble solids, otherwise the fruit phenol content decreases; and (c) growth and development of wood-apple seed after anthesis (Sd) consists of 4 sub-phases, i.e. Sd1: the formation of seeds in the fruit through pollination and fertilization at 1 day after anthesis, Sd2: the slow growth of seeds in 5-16 WAA or 1-4 MAA, Sd3: the rapid development of seeds was from 5 to 8 MAA and reached maximum at 8 MAA, and Sd4: the maturity stage seeds from 8 MAA until mature fruit exactly detached from the tree, hereinafter called the fallen mature fruit at 8,25-8,75 MAA. During the growth and development of wood-apple seeds there was a decrease in water content, on the contrary an increase in dry weight of seeds, starch content, protein content and seed fat content; (2) Physiological maturity of wood-apple seeds occurred when the fruit was exactly detached or called the fallen mature fruit, that was at 8.25-8.75 MAA which was indicated by maximum dried seeds weight (30,6 mg); minimum moisture content (13.01%); maximum germination (97.71%); maximum seedling emergence (96.67%) and maximum dried seedling (83,8 mg). The characteristics of the seeds directly affected the physiological maturity of wood-apple seeds i.e. the fruit weight, dried weight of the seed and the starch content of the seed; (3) Post-harvest maturity storage of wood-apple fruit was for 6 days at the age of 8 months improve the viability of the seed, while the fallen mature fruit does not require post-harvest maturity storage. Based on testing of seed properties according to Hong & Ellis (1996), wood-apple seeds are included in the orthodox seed group.

Kata Kunci : biji, buah, bunga, kawista, masak fisiologi, ortodoks, pemeraman/flower, fruit, orthodox, physiological maturity, post-harvest maturation storage, seed, wood-apple