KAJIAN PENULARAN TRANSVENEREAL VIRUS DENGUE SEROTIPE-3 DAN PERILAKU POLIGAMI NYAMUK Aedes aegypti L. SERTA DAMPAK PADA PROGENINYA DALAM KONDISI INSEKTARIUM

DEVITA FEBRIANI PUTRI, Prof. drh. Widya Asmara, SU., PhD.; Prof. dr. H. Sugeng Juwono Mardihusodo, DAP&E., MSc.

2018 | Disertasi | S3 Kedokteran Umum

Latar Belakang. Penyakit Demam Berdarah Dengue (DBD) merupakan salah satu penyakit tular vektor yang disebabkan oleh virus dengue (DENV) genus Flavivirus, dan ditularkan melalui gigitan nyamuk Aedes (Ae) subgenus Stegomyia, terutama Aedes aegypti (Linaeus). Pengendalian DBD dari segi vektor khususnya nyamuk Ae. aegypti merupakan salah satu metode yang efektif menghentikan penularan DBD dan mencegah perluasan daerah endemis DBD. Kemampuan DENV dalam mempertahankan keberadaannya di alam melalui dua mekanisme yaitu penularan horisontal dan penularan vertikal. Penularan vertikal DENV pada nyamuk Ae. aegypti telah banyak dibuktikan secara eksperimental dan natural. Penularan transvenereal adalah bagian dari penularan vertikal yang belum banyak diteliti. Penularan transvenereal berkaitan erat dengan perilaku poligami nyamuk Ae. aegypti jantan. Nyamuk Ae. aegypti jantan selama ini dianggap kurang berperan dalam penularan DENV. Jika terbukti dapat menularkan secara transvenereal, dengan sifat poligaminya, dan dapat menurunkan secara transovarial ke progeninya, maka Ae. aegypti jantan mempunyai peranan penting bagi penyebaran kasus dengue. Tujuan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membuktikan DENV 3 dapat ditularkan secara transvenereal, dari nyamuk Ae. aegypti jantan infeksius DENV 3 (secara intratorakal) ke nyamuk Ae. aegypti betina non infeksius, membuktikan nyamuk Ae. aegypti jantan infeksius DENV 3 (secara intratorakal) memiliki potensi poligami yang sama dibandingkan dengan nyamuk Ae. aegypti jantan non infeksius dalam mengawini nyamuk Ae. aegypti betina non infeksius, dan membuktikan nyamuk Ae. aegypti betina yang infeksius DENV 3 (secara transvenereal) dari nyamuk jantan infeksius DENV 3 (secara intratorakal) dapat menurunkan DENV 3 (secara transovarial) ke progeni (F1) nyamuk Ae. aegypti jantan. Metode. Penelitian merupakan penelitian eksperimental dengan rancangan penelitian Posttest Only Control Group Design. Lokasi penelitian dilakukan di Insektarium Departemen Parasitologi FK UGM, serta Laboratorium Molekuler B2P2VRP Salatiga. Cara pengumpulan data dengan metode kolonisasi, suntik intratorakal, pembedahan organ spermateka, One-Step RT-PCR dilanjutkan Serotyping PCR. Data yang didapatkan berupa profil pita DNA spesifik DENV pada 511 bp, DENV 3 pada 290 bp, Minimum Infection Rate (MIR) pada nyamuk betina yang berhasil ditularkan DENV 3 oleh nyamuk jantan infeksius secara transvenereal dan F1 nyamuk jantan Ae. aegypti yang positif DENV 3 dari penularan transovarial nyamuk betina Ae. aegypti parental, yang telah dideteksi dengan One-Step RT-PCR. Potensi perilaku poligami dilihat dari rerata jumlah telur fertil per ekor nyamuk betina hasil perkawinan nyamuk jantan infeksius DENV 3. Analisis untuk menentukan apakah ada perbedaan potensi perilaku poligami nyamuk jantan yang infeksius virus atau tidak, menggunakan analisis univariat, dilanjutkan analisis bivariat dengan uji parametrik ANOVA. Hasil Penelitian. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa nyamuk jantan yang diinfeksi dengan DENV 3 secara intratorakal, memperlihatkan pita diagnostik 511bp untuk screening DENV dan 290 bp untuk serotyping DENV 3. Nyamuk jantan infeksius dengan masa inkubasi DENV 3 selama 5 hari dan 14 hari dapat mengawini dan menularkan DENV 3 secara transvenereal pada nyamuk betina non infeksius, dengan MIR masa inkubasi DENV 3 pada nyamuk Ae. aegypti jantan 5 hari lebih rendah dibandingkan masa inkubasi DENV 3 pada nyamuk Ae. aegypti jantan 14 hari. Hasil penelitian juga membuktikan tidak ada perbedaan signifikan rerata jumlah telur per ekor nyamuk betina hasil perkawinan nyamuk jantan infeksius dibandingkan dengan kontrol (P>0.05), yang menunjukkan potensi perilaku poligami nyamuk Ae. aegypti jantan infeksius tidak berbeda signifikan dengan nyamuk Ae. aegypti jantan non infeksius. Hasil uji F1 nyamuk jantan untuk membuktikan penularan transovarial dari parental nyamuk betina berpasangan dengan nyamuk jantan positif DENV 3 tidak ada satupun sampel yang terdeteksi DENV. Kesimpulan. DENV 3 dapat ditularkan secara transvenereal, dari nyamuk Ae. aegypti jantan infeksius DENV 3 (secara intratorakal) ke nyamuk Ae. aegypti betina non infeksius; masa inkubasi DENV 3 pada nyamuk Ae. aegypti jantan 5 hari menghasilkan MIR lebih rendah dibandingkan masa inkubasi DENV 3 pada nyamuk Ae. aegypti jantan 14 hari. Potensi perilaku poligami nyamuk Ae. aegypti jantan yang infeksius DENV 3 (secara intratorakal) tidak berbeda bermakna dengan nyamuk Ae. aegypti jantan yang non infeksius. Nyamuk Ae. aegypti betina infeksius DENV 3 secara transvenereal dari nyamuk jantan infeksius DENV 3 (secara intratorakal) belum terbukti dapat menurunkan DENV 3 secara transovarial ke progeni (F1) nyamuk Ae. aegypti jantan.

Background. Dengue Fever (DBD) is one of vector-borne diseases caused by dengue virus (DENV) genus Flavivirus, and transmitted through the bites of Aedes (Ae) subgenus Stegomyia, especially Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus). The Dengue control from vector especially Aedes aegypti is one of effective methods to stop the transmission of Dengue Fever and prevent the spread of Dengue Fever endemic areas. The ability of DENV in maintaining their existence in nature is through two mechanisms: horizontal transmission and vertical transmission. DENV vertical transmission of Ae. aegypti has been proven experimentally and naturally. Transvenereal transmission is part of vertical transmission which has not been studied a lot. Transvenereal transmission deals with polygamy behavior of male Ae. aegypti. However male Ae. aegypti has been admitted that they have deficient role in transmitting DENV. If it is proven that it is able to transmit transvenereal with polygamy behavior, and able to rear transovarial transmission to their progeny, so it means that male Ae. aegypti has important role in transmitting dengue cases. Aims. The study aims to prove that DENV 3 can be transmitted transvenereal from infectious male Ae. aegypti with DENV 3 (Intrathoracal) to non-infectious female Ae. aegypti, proving that infectious male Ae. aegypti with DENV 3 (intrathoracic) have the same potency of polygamy behavior compared with noninfectious male Ae. aegypti in mating non-infectious female Ae. aegypti, also proving that infectious female Ae. aegypti which infected by DENV 3 (transvereal) from infectious male Ae. aegypti with DENV 3 (intrathoracic) are able to rear DENV 3 (transovarial) to progeny (F1) of male Ae. aegypti. Method. This research is experimental study with the research design: Posttest Only Control Group Design. Research location is held in Insectarium Department of Parasitology FK UGM, also Molecular Laboratory B2P2VRP in Salatiga. Data collection technics use the method of colonization, intrathoracic injection, surgery spermatheca organ, One-Step RT-PCR continued with serotyping PCR. Data that we get are the profile of DNA chains specific DENV 511 bp, DENV 3 290 bp, Minimum Infection Rate (MIR) on female mosquitoes who are infected by DENV 3 from infectious male mosquitoes through intervenereal and F1 male Ae. aegypti which are positive DENV infected transovarial by female Ae. aegypti parental, which already detected with One-Step RT-PCR. The potency of behavior polygamy can be seen in the average of fertile eggs from each female mosquito which mated with infectious DENV 3 male Ae. aegypti. The analysis that determine if there is the difference of potency polygamy behavior whether the infectious male mosquitos with virus or not uses univariate analysis, then bivariate analysis with ANOVA parametric test. Result of Study. The result of the study indicates that male mosquitoes which infected by DENV 3 intrathoracic, showing diagnostic band 511 bp for screening DENV and 290 bp for serotyping DENV 3. Infectious male mosquitoes with DENV 3 with incubation period 5 days and 14 days are able to mate and transmit DENV 3 transvenereal to non-infectious female mosquitoes, through MIR with incubation period 5 days of DENV 3 on male Ae. aegypti are lower than male Ae. aegypti 14 day incubation period. The study also proves that there is no significant difference about the average rate of eggs for each female mosquito that mating with infectious male mosquitos compared with control (P>0.05), which shows the potency of polygamy behavior on infectious male Ae. aegypti mosquitoes do not have significant difference with non-infectious male Ae. aegypti mosquitoes. The result test of F1 on male mosquitoes for proving the transovarial transmission from parental female mosquitoes mating with male mosquitoes which are positive DENV 3 have no sample which are detected with DENV. Conclusion. DENV 3 is able to transmit transvenereal from infectious male Ae. aegypti with DENV 3 (intrathoracic) to non-infectious female Ae. aegypti mosquitoes, male Ae. aegypti mosquitoes with 5 day incubation period of DENV 3 obtain lower MIR compared with male Ae. aegypti mosquitoes with 14 days incubation period. The potency of polygamy behavior on infectious male Ae. aegypti mosquitoes with DENV 3 (intrathoracic) do not have significant difference with non-infectious male Ae. aegypti mosquitoes. Infectious female Ae. aegypti with DENV 3 transvenereal from infectious male Ae. aegypti with DENV 3 (intrathoracic) has not proven yet that they are able to rear DENV 3 transovarial to progeny (F1) of male Ae. aegypti.

Kata Kunci : Ae. aegypti, DENV 3, Penularan transvenereal, Perilaku Poligami nyamuk Ae. aegypti, Penularan transovarial, e. aegypti, DENV 3, Transvenereal transmission, Polygamy Behaviour of Ae. aegypti mosquitos, Transovarial Transmission.