Geology, Mineralogy, Geochemistry and Origin of Hydrothermal Gold Deposits at Onzon-Kanbani Area, Thabeikkyin Township, Mandalay Region, Myanmar
TAY ZAR, AUNG , Dr. Ir. I Wayan Warmada
2018 | Disertasi | S3 Teknik GeologiDeposito emas Onzon-Kanbani terletak di Kota Thabeikkyin, wilayah Mandalay, di Myanmar Tengah. Ini adalah bagian dari tendangan Mogok Metamorphic Belt yang umumnya utara-selatan. Emas dan logam dasar yang terkait juga sering diamati pada gneiss. Penelitian ini berfokus pada geologi, mineralogi, geokimia, dan asal deposit emas hidrotermal di daerah Onzon-Kanbani. Mineralisasi terkait perubahan hidrotermal diamati di sekitar vena mineralisasi atau saluran hidrotermal, sebagian besar berada di zona rekahan dan geser sebagai halos yang sempit. Umumnya, perubahan hidrotermal tumpang tindih dengan metamorfosis regional. Perubahan halos terjadi dari proksimal ke distal saluran hidrotermal seperti perubahan silikat (kuarsa-kalsit-illit-adularia), perubahan serisit (serisit-klorit) dan perubahan propilitik (klorit-epidot-aktinitit-ilite-smektit). Model alterasi ini menunjukkan penurunan suhu dan pendinginan progresif cairan hidrotermal dari saluran hidrotermal. Berbagai tekstur vena kuarsa diamati pada vein kuarsa mineralisasi. Mereka dicirikan oleh sifat primer, rekristalisasi dan penggantian. Tekstur vena yang paling umum adalah tekstur masif, berkerak, banded, kisi, berbilah, mosaik, sisir, kumbang dan zonal. Beberapa tekstur diagnostik penting untuk menafsirkan kondisi fisiokimia (aktivitas cairan) cairan hidrotermal. Mineralisasi terjadi sebagai vena pengisian fraktur serta jumlah yang lebih rendah dari sifat diseminata dalam marmer. Tren varisinasi mineral daerah penelitian menunjukkan arah NW, NE dan N dengan kemiringan curam dimana lebar pembuluh darah umumnya 0,5 sampai hampir 3 meter. Mineral bijih yang umum adalah pirit, sfalerit, galena, kalkopirit dan arsenopirit dengan sejumlah kecil sulfida dan emas lainnya. Emas diamati sebagai butiran besar emas electrum dalam vena kuarsa dan emas asli berbutir halus pada logam kuarsa kuarsa-karbonat. Hubungan emas (Au) versus perak (Ag) menunjukkan korelasi positif dimana Cu juga menunjukkan korelasi positif namun tidak berbeda. Dalam Au versus Zn dan Pb, mereka menunjukkan negatif dalam korelasi. Tapi Au vs Sn dan Sb menunjukkan korelasi negatif yang buruk. Dua fase inklusi fluida sebagian besar diamati pada mineralisasi kuarsa vena liquid-rich, vapor-rich dan keberadaan dari liquid-rich dan vapor-rich inclusions. Salinitasnya bervariasi dalam kisaran (0,88-12,54 berat setara NaCl) dan suhu homogenisasi berkisar antara 156 sampai 315 degree celsius. Data Microthermometric dan karakteristik inklusi cairan dari daerah Onzon-Kanbani menunjukkan karakteristik sistem epitermal. Sistem hidrotermal bertanggung jawab atas pengembangan mineralisasi di daerah Onzon-Kanbani. Cairan magmatik yang akan datang sepanjang zona rekahan diencerkan atau dinetralisir dengan mencampurkannya dengan air meteorik serta interaksi dengan batuan dinding selama perubahan hidrotermal. Perebusan bisa menjadi mekanisme penting untuk pengendapan emas dan logam dasar. Selain itu, mencampurkan antara cairan bijih yang mengandung asam, asam dan garam dan air meteor yang lebih dingin mungkin termasuk dalam endapan emas dan logam dasar.
Onzon-Kanbani gold deposit is located in Thabeikkyin Township, Mandalay region, in Central Myanmar. It is a part of generally north-south trending Mogok Metamorphic Belt. Gold and associated base metal mineralization are mainly hosted in marble unit and also frequently observed in gneiss. This research focus to study on geology, mineralogy, geochemistry, and origin of hydrothermal gold deposits at Onzon-Kanbani area. Mineralization related hydrothermal alteration is observed around mineralization veins or hydrothermal conduits, mostly in fracture and shear zone as narrow alteration halos. Generally, the hydrothermal alteration is overlapped to regional metamorphism. Alteration halos go from proximal to distal of hydrothermal conduits such as silicic alteration (quartz-calcite-illite-adularia), sericite alteration (sericite-chlorite) and propylitic alteration (chlorite-epidote-actinolite-illite-smectite). This alteration style showed temperature decreasing and progressive cooling of hydrothermal fluid away from the hydrothermal conduits. A variety of quartz vein texture are observed in mineralization quartz veins. They are characterized by primary, recrystallization and replacement natures. Most common vein textures are massive, crustiform, banded, lattice, bladed, mosaic, comb, cockade and zonal textures. Some of the diagnostatic textures are important to interpret physiochemical conditions (fluid activities) of hydrothermal fluid. Mineralization occurs as fracture filling veins as well as the lesser amount of disseminated nature in marble. Mineralization vein trends of research area show NW, NE and N directions with a steep slope where the width of veins are generally 0.5 to nearly 3 meters. The common ore minerals are pyrite, sphalerite, galena, chalcopyrite and arsenopyrite with a minor amount of other sulphides and gold. Gold observed as large grains of electrum gold in quartz vein and fine-grained native gold in base metal quartz-carbonate vein. The relation of gold (Au) versus silver (Ag) showed positive correlations where Cu is also showed positive correlation but not distinct. In Au versus Zn and Pb, they are showing negative in correlations. But Au vs. Sn and Sb are showed poor negative correlations. Two-phase fluid inclusions are mostly observed in mineralization quartz vein as liquid-rich, vapor-rich and coexisting of liquid-rich and vapor-rich inclusions. Their salinity are vary in range (0.88-12.54 wt.% NaCl equivalent) and homogenization temperature Th range between 156 to 315 degree celsius. Microthermometric data and characteristics of fluid inclusions from Onzon-Kanbani area point out characteristics of the epithermal system. Hydrothermal system was responsible for the development of the mineralization in Onzon-Kanbani area. Upcoming magmatic fluid along the fracture zones were diluted or neutralized by mixing with meteoric water as well as interaction with wall rock during hydrothermal alteration. Boiling could be an important mechanism for gold and base-metal deposition. Moreover, mixing between hot, acidic and saline bearing ore fluid and cooler meteoric water may have included in gold and base-metal deposition.
Kata Kunci : Mogok Metamorphic Belt, Hydrothermal system, Boiling