Biosistematika Lichen Suku Graphidaceae Tipe Lirela Pada Pohon Kamboja (Plumeria spp.)

Yunita Hardini , Rina Sri Kasiamdari, S.Si. Ph.D.; Prof(emr). Dr. Santosa; Dr. Purnomo, M.S.

2018 | Disertasi | S3 Biologi

Biosistematika Lichen Suku Graphidaceae Tipe Lirela Pada Pohon Kamboja (Plumeria spp.) Junita Hardini 11/323135/SBI/00099 Program Studi Ilmu Biologi, Program Doktor Program Pascasarjana, Fakultas Biologi Universitas Gadjah Mada INTISARI Lichen suku Graphidaceae adalah kelompok lichen yang umum ditemukan di daerah tropis dan subtropis, merupakan komponen penting komunitas lichen daerah tropis, dan mempunyai peran penting sebagai bioindikator kualitas udara. Data taksonomis lichen Graphidaceae di Indonesia masih sedikit dan belum banyak dipelajari. Penelitian biosistematika lichen Graphidaceae ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi lichen suku Graphidaceae dan menganalisis hubungan kekerabatan berdasarkan karakter morfologis, anatomis, kimiawi, dan molekular. Sampel lichen dikoleksi dari pohon Plumeria spp. di delapan lokasi di Pulau Bali. Hasil eksplorasi pada delapan lokasi penelitian diperoleh 20 sampel lichen krustos. Hasil karakterisasi diperoleh 42 karakter morfologis, anatomis dan kimiawi, sedangkan hasil uji mikrokristalisasi diperoleh 25 spesies substansi kimia lichen. Hasil identifikasi dari 20 sampel lichen berdasarkan karakter morfologis, anatomis, dan kimiawi ditemukan lima marga yaitu Graphis, Graphina, Phaeographina, Glyphis, dan Opegrapha; dan sembilan spesies yaitu Graphis modesta Zahlbr., Graphis immersicans A.W.Archer, Graphis nana (Fee) Spreng., Graphis immersella Mull. Arg., Graphis nilgiriensis Adaw. & Makhija, Graphis conferta Zenker, Graphis dupaxana Vain., Graphis maritima (A.W. Archer) A.W. Archer, Graphis subradiata (Nyl.) Lucking. Hasil analisis klaster pada data morfologis, anatomis, kimiawi membentuk dua klaster utama yaitu klaster I terdiri dari empat spesies dan klaster II terdiri dari 16 spesies. Karakter yang memisahkan ke dua klaster berdasarkan hasil analisis PCA yaitu askospora septa (kelompok 16 spesies) dan askospora muriform (kelompok 4 spesies). Analisis hubungan kekerabatan Graphis sp.1 dan Graphis sp.2, Graphis sp.3 dan Graphis sp.5, Graphis sp.4 dan Graphis sp.6 memiliki hubungan kekerabatan dekat berdasarkan koefisien similaritas berkisar antara 85%-94%, sedangkan 14 spesies lainnya memiliki koefisien similaritas bervariasi antara 62% - 84%. Data molekular diperoleh dengan melakukan analisis sekuen ITS rDNA yang bertujuan untuk mengetahui urutan basa nukleotida pada daerah ITS1, 5,8S, dan ITS2 rDNA. Hasil yang diperoleh adalah sekuen ITS rDNA dari 19 sampel belum dapat mengidentifikasi lichen yang ditemukan, tetapi mampu mengidentifikasi spesies simbion. Empat belas spesies lichen teridentifikasi fotobionnya sebagai Printzina sp. dan lima spesies lichen teridentifikasi mikobionnya, sebagai fungi Aureobasidium pullulans dan A.melanogenum. Hubungan kekerabatan filogenetik dengan metode Neighbor-Joining dengan perangkat lunak MEGA berdasarkan sekuen ITS rDNA menghasilkan pohon filogeni dengan dua Clade, Clade 1 terdiri dari 14 spesies lichen dengan Printzina sp. dan Clade 2 terdiri dari lima spesies lichen dengan Aureobasidium pullulans dan A. melanogenum.

Biosystematics of Lichen Graphidaceae Family Type Lirellae on The Frangipani Trees (Plumeria spp.) Junita Hardini 11/323135/SBI/00099 Biology Study Program, Doctoral Program Postgraduate Program, Faculty of Biology Universitas Gadjah Mada ABSTRACT Crustose lichen family Graphidaceae are a group of lichen commonly found in tropical and subtropical areas, lichen community is an important part in the tropics, and has important roles as indicator air quality. The taxonomic data of lichen Graphidaceae in Indonesia was still limited and has not been much studied. Research systematic lichen Graphidaceae aimed to find the lichen family Graphidaceae and analyze of relationship based on morphological, anatomical, chemical, and molecular characters. Lichen samples were collected from trees Plumeria spp. at eight locations on the Island of Bali. Exploration of the eight research locations were retrieved 20 samples of lichen crustose. The results of the characterize was obtained 42 characters of morphological, anatomical and chemical, while test results microcrystals retrieved 25 types of chemical substance lichen. The results of identity of 20 samples were based on the morphological, anatomical, chemical characters of lichen, and found five genera namely Graphis, Graphina, Phaeographina, Glyphis, and Opegrapha; and nine species i.e. Graphis modesta Zahlbr., Graphis immersicans A.W. Archer, Graphis nana (Fee) Spreng., Graphis immersella Mull. Arg., Graphis nilgiriensis Adaw.& Makhija, Graphis conferta Zenker, Graphis dupaxana Vain., Graphis maritima (A.W. Archer) A.W. Archer, Graphis subradiata (Nyl.) Lucking. The relationships of cluster analysis based on morphological, anatomical, the chemical characters data formed two major clades. Cluster I consisted of four species and cluster II consisted of the 16 species. The character that separates into two clusters was based on PCA analysis results i.e. ascospores septa (the group of 16 species) and muriform ascospores (the group of 4 species). The analysis of the relationship of Graphis sp. 1 and Graphis sp. 2, Graphis sp. 3 and Graphis sp. 5, Graphis sp. 4 and Graphis sp. 6 had a close relationship coefficient similarity of 85%-94%, while other 14 species showed the relationship coefficient similarity between 62%-84%. Molecular data was retrieved by performing an analysis of ITS rDNA sequence which aimed to find the sequence based on ITS1, 5, 8S, ITS2 regions. The phylogenetic analysis relationship was based on ITS rDNA sequence using the Neighbor-Joining method with MEGA software produced a phylogeny tree with two Clades, Clade 1 consisted of 14 species of lichen as Printzina sp. and Clade 2 consisted of five species of lichen as Aureobasidium pullulans and A. melanogenum.

Kata Kunci : Keywords: Lichen, Graphidaceae, diversity, phylogenetic, Bali Island