KANDUNGAN SAPONIN, ALKALOID DAN STEROL PADA ORGAN VEGETATIF Polyscias fruticosa (L.) Harms SECARA HISTOKIMIAWI DAN SPEKTROFOTOMETRI
ULIN HESTATI, Prof. Dr. L. Hartanto Nugroho, M.Agr.
2018 | Skripsi | S1 BIOLOGIPolyscias fruticosa atau dikenal dengan daun berlangkas termasuk dalam familia Araliaceae. Pada beberapa tempat P. fruticosa dijadikan sebagai tanaman obat, salah satunya adalah masyarakat Ghana yang memanfatkan P. fruticosa sebagai obat asma. Skrining fitokimia awal tanaman P. fruticosa mengandung senyawa saponin, alkaloid dan sterol. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan uji histokimiawi untuk melihat distribusi dan lokasi dari setiap kelompok senyawa pada organ vegetatif P. fruticosa berupa akar, batang dan daun. Selain itu, dilakukan uji kandungan dari ketiga kelompok senyawa menggunakan metode spektrofotometri. Analisis histokimiawi menunjukkan ketiga kelompok senyawa tersebut terdeteksi positif pada seluruh organ vegetatif tanaman P. fruticosa. Senyawa saponin dideteksi dengan potasium dikromat menghasilkan warna kuning. Pada akar saponin terdeteksi di jaringan gabus, floem sekunder, dan jari-jari empulur. Pada batang adanya saponin ditemukan di epidermis, korteks, xilem, floem dan empulur, sedangkan pada daun, saponin terakumulasi pada mesofil dan parenkim tulang daun. Deteksi alkaloid menggunakan reagen Wagner, hasil positif dengan hadirnya warna kuning keemasan. Pada akar, alkaloid terdeteski di jaringan gabus, korteks, floem dan xilem. Adanya alkaloid pada batang terdeteksi di parenkim korteks sedangkan pada daun alkaloid dijumpai pada epidermis adaksial. Reagen sudan III untuk mendeteksi adanya kelompok senyawa sterol, yang ditandai dengan hadirnya warna merah pada jaringan dan sel. Pada akar, sterol terdeteksi di koteks dan jari-jari empulur. Pada batang, sterol terakumulasi pada parenkim korteks dan parenkim empulur, sedangkan pada daun sterol terdeteksi di epidermis adaksial dan epidemis abaksial serta mesofil. Kelompok senyawa saponin, alkaloid dan sterol pada organ vegetatif tanaman P. fruticosa juga dideteksi secara spektrofotometri. Adanya saponin ditandai dengan warna kuning menggunakan reagen vanilin-sulfat. Kandungan saponin pada akar sebesar 1,41 mgml-1 +- 0,13, pada batang sebesar 1,85 mgml-1 +- 0,04, sedangkan pada daun sebesar 1,78 mgml-1 +- 0,07. Kandungan alkaloid dideteksi dengan reagen Dragendroff meghasilkan warna kuning keemasan. Kandungan alkaloid di akar sebesar 0,36 mgml-1 +- 0,09, pada batang sebesar 1,68mgml-1 +- 0,09 dan pada daun sebesar 1,47 mgml-1 0,19. Uji sterol secara spektrofotometri menggunakan reagen Liberman-Burchard, respon posistif ditandai dengan warna hijau. Kandungan sterol di akar sebesar 0,01 mgml-1 +- 0,02, di batang sebesar 0,11 mgml-1 +- 0,01 dan di daun sebesar 0,13 mgml-1 +- 0,01. Intensitas spot uji histokimiawi saponin menunjukkan korelasi positif dengan uji spektrofotometri. Saponin terdeteksi kuat pada batang diikuti daun dan yang terendah di akar, sedangkan intensitas spot uji histokimiawi alkaloid dan sterol tidak menunjukkan korelasi positif dengan uji spektrofotometri.
Polyscias fruticosa or known as "daun berlangkas" is included in the family of Araliaceae. In some areas, P. fruticosa is used as a medicinal plant, one of which is the people of Ghana who use P. fruticosa as an asthma drug. Early phytochemical screening of P.fruticosa showed that this plant contains saponin, alkaloid and sterol compounds. In this study, histochemical tests were performed to see the spread and location of each compound group on the vegetative organs of P. fruticosa, especially in the roots and leaves. In addition, the content of the three compound groups were tested using a spectrophotometer. All three groups of these compounds were positively detected in all vegetative organs of P. fruticosa plants. Saponin compounds which was detected with potassium dichromate produced a yellow color. In the root saponin was detected in the cork, secondary phloem, and pith ray. In the stem, saponin was found in the epidermis, cortex, xylem, phloem and pith. Meanwhile in the leaves the, saponin was present in the mesophyll and leaves midrib. Alkaloid detection using Wagner reagent gave a positive result with the presence of golden yellow. In the root, alkaloid was detected in the cork, cortex, phloem and xilem. The presence of alkaloid in the stems was detected in the cortical parenchyma, while in the leaves alkaloid is present in the adaxial epidermis. Sudan III reagen was used to detect the presence of sterol ompound groups, which was marked by the presence of red color in tissues and cells. In the root, sterol was detected in the cortex and pith ray. In the stem, sterol was detected in the cortical parenchyma and parenchyma of the pith. As in the leaves, sterol were detected in the adaxial epidermis and epidemis abaxial and the mesophyll. There were positive responses on the group compound tests of saponin, alkaloid and sterol by spectrophotometry using the vegetative organs of P. fruticosa. The presence of saponins is characterized by yellow color using a vanilin-sulphate reagent. Saponin content tested by spectrophotometry in the roots was 1.42 mgml-1 +- 0.13, in the stems was 1.85 mgml-1 +- 0.04, while in the leaves was 1.78 mgml-1 +- 0.07. Alkaloid content detected with Dragendroff reagent has produced golden yellow color. The content of alkaloids in roots was 0.36 mgml-1 +- 0.09, in the stems was 1.68 mg / ml-1 +- 0.09 and in the leaves was 1.471 mgml-1 +- 0.19. The sterol test is spectrophotometric using the Liberman-Burchard reagent, produced a positive response characterized by green color. The content of sterols in the roots was 0.01 mgml-1 +- 0.02, in the stems was 0.11 mgml-1 +- 0.01 and in the leaves was 0.13 mgml-1 +- 0.01. Spot intensity of histochemical test of saponin was shown positive correlation with spectrophotometric test. Saponin was detected strongly in stem followed by the leaves and the lowest in root. Meanwhile spot intensity of histochemical test of alkaloids and sterol were not shown positive correlation with spectrophotometric test.
Kata Kunci : Polyscias fruticosa, asma, histokimiawi, saponin, alkaloid, sterol
