PENGARUH MIKOTOKSIN DALAM PAKAN TERHADAP PRODUKSI AYAM PETELUR KOMERSIAL DI PENATARAN FARM, WILAYAH KABUPATEN BLITAR

BUDIONO, Nugroho , Charles Rangga Tabbu

2014 | Tesis |

Penelitian ini dirancang untuk mengevaluasi jenis dan kadar cemaran mikotoksin pada bahan baku pakan dan pakan ayam petelur komersial dan pengaruhnya terhadap produksi telur. Penelitian ini dilakukan di Penataran Farm, wilayah Kabupaten Blitar, yang merupakan peternakan ayam pelur komersial dengan populasi 18.000 ekor. Sampel bahan baku pakan yang diperiksa, meliputi bekatul, jagung, bungkil kedelai (BKK), corn gluten meal (CGM), dried distillers grain with soluble’s (DDGS), dan sampel pakan jadi (complete feed) dari gudang, serta pakan sisa konsumsi. Pemeriksaan jenis dan kadar mikotoksin dilakukan dengan uji high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) di Romer’s Laboratory, Singapore. Pengamatan terhadap produksi telur dari kelompok ayam yang diberi pakan yang diduga tercemar mikotoksin dilakukan pada umur 19 minggu sampai 35 minggu. Aspek yang diamati, meliputi persentase produksi, berat telur, kualitas kerabang, dan kualitas albumin serta yolk. Kemungkinan adanya efek imunosupresif dievaluasi berdasarkan pemeriksaan titer antibodi terhadap virus Newcastle disease (ND) yang dilakukan pada umur 19 minggu, 26 minggu, dan 35 minggu. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa semua bahan baku pakan dan pakan jadi tercemar oleh beberapa jenis mikotoksin, yaitu aflatoksin B1, deoksinivalenol (DON), fumonisin B1, okratoksin A, dan zearalenon. Kandungan aflatoksin tertinggi pada bahan baku pakan dapat ditemukan pada jagung giling (68µg/kg), dan terendah pada jagung pipil, BKK, dan DDGS (<1µ g/kg). Kadar DON tertinggi ditemukan pada DDGS (<198µg/kg), dan terendah pada BKK dan bekatul (<50ug/kg). Kandungan fumonisin B1 tertinggi ditemukan pada CGM (2583µg/kg), dan terendah pada BKK (<100µg/kg). Kadar okratoksin A tertinggi ditemukan pada CGM (14,2 ug/kg), dan terendah pada jagung pipil, jagung giling, DDGS, dan bekatul (<0,5µg/kg). kandungan zearalenon tertinggi dijumpai pada CGM (319µg/kg), dan terendah pada BKK (<10µg/kg). Cemaran mikotoksin pada pakan menghasilkan hen house egg production (HHEP) yang lebih rendah sebesar 0,4 kg/ekor ayam, dan produksi serta berat telur yang lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan standar breed. Telur yang dihasilkan mempunyai ukuran yang bervariasi, kerabang berwarna pucat, tipis, lembek, mudah retak, albumin lebih cair, dan yolk berwarna kuning pucat. Titer antibodi terhadap virus ND tergolong rendah pada kelompok umur 19 minggu, sangat tinggi akibat challenge virus ND lapang pada kelompok umur 26 minggu, dan bervariasi rendah, sebaran lebar, dan sangat tinggi akibat challenge virus ND lapang pada kelompok umur35 minggu. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ini,maka dapat diambil beberapa kesimpulan, yaitu semua bahan baku pakan (bekatul, jagung, CGM, DDGS, BKK) dan pakan jadi serta pakan sisa konsumsi di Penataran Farm tercemar oleh aflatoksin, DON, fumonisin B1,okratoksin A,dan zearalenon; cemaran mikotoksin pada pakan menyebabkan penurunan kuantitas dan kualitas produksi telur. Kata kunci: Mikotoksin, ayam petelur, bahan bak

This research was designed to evaluate the types and levels of mycotoxins in feed’s raw materials and complete feeds of commercial layers and their effects on egg production. This research was done in Penataran farm at the District of Blitar, which is a commercial layer farm of 18,000 hens. Samples of feed’s raw materials that have been examined, included rice bran, corns, soybean meal (SBM), corn gluten meal (CGM), dried destillers grain with soluble’s (DDGS), and complete feed samples from the storage and feed left over. Examination of the types and levels of mycotoxins was done by the method of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) at Romers Laboratory, Singapore. Observation on the egg production of the group of chickens received mycotoxins contaminated feed was done at the age of 19 weeks, 26 weeks, and 35 weeks. Evaluation was done on the percentage of egg production, egg weight, egg shell quality, and egg albumin as well as egg yolk quality. Evaluation on the possibility of immunosuppresive effect was based on examination of the antibody titer against Newcastle disease virus (NDV) was done at the age of 19 weeks, 26 weeks, and 35 weeks using 30 blood samples of chickens from each period. The results indicated that all feed’s raw materials and complete feed are contaminated by mycotoxins, include aflatoxin B1, deoxynivalenol (DON), fumonisin B1, ochratoxin A, and zearalenone. The highest level of aflatoxin A in feed’s raw materials was detected in ground corn (68 µg/kg), and the lowest was found in un-ground corn, SBM, and DDGS (< 1 µg/kg). The highest level of DON was detected in DDGS (<198 µg/kg), and the lowest was observed in SBM and rice bran (<50 µg/kg). The highest level of fumonisin B1 was detected in CGM (2583 µg/kg, and the lowest was found in SBM (<100 µg/kg). The highest level of ochratoxin A was observed in CGM (14,2 µg/kg), and the lowest was found in unground corn, ground corn, DDGS, and rice bran (<0.5 µg/kg). The highest level of zearalenone was detected in CGM (319 µg/kg), and the lowest was found in SBM (<10 µg/kg). Contamination of feed with mycotoxins caused a lower hen house egg production (HHEP) of 0.4 kg/hen, lower egg production and egg weight compared to the Standard Breed. Eggs produced have variable size, and showed pale, thin, soft, or cracked shell, watery albumin, and pale yolk. The antibody titer against NDV was low at the group of 19 weeks of age, very high due to NDV field challenge at the group of 26 weeks of age, and variably low, widely spread and very high due to NDV field challenge at 35 weeks of age. Based on the results, it can be concluded that all feed’s raw materials (rice bran, corn, CGM, DDGS, and SBM), the complete feed, and left over feed at Penataran Farm are contaminated by mycotoxins, including aflatoxin B1, DON, fumonisin B1, ochratoxin A, and zearalenone. The contamination of mycotoxins on the complete layer feed causing a decrease in quantity and quality of the egg.

Kata Kunci : Mycotoxins, layers, feed’s raw materials, layer feed