Pengaruh Investasi Dalam Teknologi Manufaktur Terhadap Investasi Dalam Lingkungan
Tanjungsari, Hetty Karunia, Dr. BM. Purwanto, MBA.
Kegiatan manufaktur yang dilakukan oleh perusahaan-perusahaan memiliki implikasi penting bagi lingkungan alam di sekitar kita. Desain produk, pemilihan dan penggunaan bahan baku mentah, proses manufaktur, penyampaian (delivery) produk atau jasa pada konsumen, dan ketersediaan produk yang dapat digunakan kembali (reuse) atau dapat didaur ulang (rec.ycle), seluruhnya memiliki dampak pada level dan tingkat degradasi lingkungan (Klassen, 200). Masyarakat umum, pemerintah, pihak pers, dan kelompok-kelompok pencinta lingkungan di seluruh dunia mengharuskan manajer operasi mulai mengubah kebijakan penanganan limbah produksi mereka. Manajer operasi dituntut untuk menggeser pemahaman tradisional akan penanganan limbah mereka, dari pengendalian polusi ke pencegahan polusi, dalam usahanya meningkatkan kinerja lingkungan perusahaan mereka.
Fokus penelitian ini adalah menggali hubungan antara investasi dalam teknologi manufaktur dan investasi dalam teknologi lingkungan. Sampel penelitian berjumlah 74 perusahaan manufaktur yang berasal dari 213 perusahaan bersertifikasi ISO 14001 dan 60 perusahaan penerima penghargaan dari Pemerintah Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta sebagai pengelola limbah cair terbaik 2001. Untuk menggali hubungan antara investasi dalam teknologi manufaktur dan investasi dalam teknologi lingkungan tersebut digunakan 5 model regresi linier berganda. Model 1 menguji hubungan antara investasi dalam teknologi lingkungan dengan investasi dalam teknologi manufaktur. Model 2 menguji hubungan antara investasi spesifik dalam teknologi lingkungan yaitu program recycling dengan investasi dalam teknologi manufaktur, investasi dalam advanced process technologies dan quality-related organizational systems. Model 3, model 4 dan model 5 menguji hubungan antara alokasi investasi antar bentuk teknologi lingkungan dengan investasi dalam teknologi manufaktur.
Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya hubungan yang signifikan antara investasi dalam teknologi manufaktur dan investasi dalam teknologi lingkungan. Diperoleh bukti bahwa investasi dalam teknologi lingkungan dianggap sebagai investasi tambahan (ancillary investment); seiring dengan meningkatnya investasi dalam manufaktur meningkat pula proporsi investasi dalam teknologi lingkungan (β = 0,364; t = 3,476; p = 0,01). Investasi dalam qulity-related organizational system meningkatkan investasi dalam program recycling (β = 0,466; t = 4,345; p = 0,02). Lebih jauh lagi, investasi dalam advanced process technologies menggeser investasi menjauhi pollution prevention (β =-0,276; t = -2,389; p = 0,00). Ini menunjukkan bahwa investasi dalam advanced process technologies yang dilakukan perusahaan pabrik tidak dilakukan searah dengan pollution prevention. Sementara peningkatan investasi dalam quality-related organizational system meningkatkan investasi dalam program recycling (G = 0,486; t = 3,916;p = 0,00) dan menurunkan investasi dalam pollution control (β= -0,341; t = -2,934; p = 0,005)
Manufacturing operations have important implications for the state of the natural environment. Design of the product, selection and extraction of raw materials, operation of the manufacturing process, delivery of the product or service, and availability of reuse or recycle for spent products all have ramifications for the level and rate of environmental degradation (Klassen, 2000). Public, government, press, and environmentalists among the world are calling on operations managers to change their treatments on production wastes. Managers are forced to shift away from their traditional emphasis on pollution control toward pollution prevention when improving environmental performance.
Focus of this research is exploring the linkage between investment in manufacturing technologies and investment in environmental technologies. Research sample is 52 manufacturing companies drawn from 213 ISO 14001 certified companies and 60 granted companies on Best Waste Water Treatment 2001 of Pemerintah Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta version. Five regression models were estmimated to explore the linkage between investment in manufacturing technologies and investment in environmental technologies. Model 1 was used to assess the linkage between investment in manufacturing technologies and investment in environmental technologies. Next, investment specifically targeted at recycling programs was regressed with investment in manufacturing investment, advanced process technologies and quality-related organizational systems (Model 2). Last, the linkage between allocation of investment between environmental technologies and manufacturing investment was evaluated by model 3, model 4 and model 5.
The results show that investment in environmental technologies was significantly related in a positive direction to investment in manufacturing technologies. The survey revealed evidence that environmental technologies have been regarded as ancillary investments; as investment in manufacturing increased, so did the proportion of that investment directed toward environmental technologies (β = 0,364; t = 3,476; p = 0,01). Further. increased investment in advanced process technologies actually shifted investment away from pollution prevention (β =-0,276; t = -2,389; p c= 0,00). It means that investment in advanced process technologies such as computer software and hardware, cellular manufacturing, productivity improvement does not favored investment in pollution prevention. In contrast, increased investment in quality-related organizational systems favored investment in recycling programs (β = O,.J86; t = 3,916; p = 0,00) and shifted away investment in pollution control (β -0,341 .. t = -2,934; P = 0,005)
Kata Kunci : lingkungan, manajemen operasi, pencegahan polusi, manajemen proses, environment, operations management, pollution prevention, process management
