Dinamika spasial dan pertumbuhan industri manufaktur pulau Sumatera tahun 1998 dan 2001
Sijabat, Rosdiana (Adv. Dr. Masykur Wiratmo, M.Sc), Dr. Masykur Wiratmo, M.Sc
Pentingnya peran sebaran pengetahuan dan inovasi untuk meningkatkan kinerja sektor industri semakin mendapatkan perhatian dewasa ini. Hal ini ditandai dengan semakin banyaknya kajian empiris dan teoritis mengenai hubungan kinerja sektor industri dan sebaran pengetahuan. Dalam perkembangan sektor industri, sebaran pengetahuan diyakini memiliki kontribusi penting untuk meningkatkan pertumbuhan. Sebaran pengetahuan ini merupakan bentuk kekuatan aglomerasi (agglomeration forces) yakni spesialisasi, kompetisi dan keragaman industri. Terdapat tiga teori yang dikenal luas membahas hubungan sebaran pengetahuan dan pertumbuhan ekonomi. Pertama, Marshall Arrow Romer (MAR). Menurut teori MAR, sebaran pengetahuan dapat terjadi antar perusahaan dalam suatu industri dan monopoli lokal memiliki dampak positif terhadap pertumbuhan karena dapat menginternalisasikan eksternalitas ekonomi. Kedua, teori Porter. Menurut Porter, spesialisasi dan kompetisi industri memiliki hubungan positif terhadap pertumbuhan industri. Ketiga, teori Jacobs. Menurut Jacobs kompetisi dan keragaman industri yang semakin tinggi akan mendorong pertumbuhan ekonomi.
Berdasarkan penyerapan tenaga kerja, nilai tambah dan jumlah perusahaan disimpulkan bahwa perkembangan industri manufaktur di P ulau S umatera pad a tahun 1998 dan 2001 didominasi oleh 4 provinsi. yakni (1) Provinsi Sumatera Utara, (2) Riau, (3) Lampung dan (4) Sumatera Selatan. Pada tingkat kabupaten/kota, penyerapan tenaga ke~a dan nilai tambah industri manufaktur yang sangat tinggi terdapat di Kota Satam dan Kabupaten Deli Serdang. Temuan lain menunjukkan industri makanan (ISIC 31) merupakan industri yang dominan dalam perkembangan industri manufaktur di Pulau Sumatera yang terlihat besarnya peran industri ini dalam penyediaan lapangan kerja pada sektor industri di Pulau Sumatera.
The Importance of knowledge spillovers for achieving innovation and economic growth has been largely stresses recently by the theoretical and empirical literature on the relation between industrial development and knowledge spillover. In development of industrial sector, knowledge spillovers is believed have a significant contribution in improving growth. Knowledge spillovers is the pattern 0 f the agglomeration forces, Le., specialization, competition and diversity.
There are three theories in examining the relation between knowledge spillovers and economic growth. The first is MAR theory. According to MAR, knowledge spillovers occur between firms within industry and local monopoly had positive impact on growth since it was internalized economics externalities. The second is Porter theory. Porter argued that specialization and industrial competition had a positive relation with industrial growth. The third is Jacobs theory. According to Jacobs, competition and industrial diversity had a position impact and pushed economic growth.
This research applies OLS in estimation the impact of knowledge spillover s on the industrial growth. The estimation is using a dataset of two digits of manufacturing industry of provinces in Sumatera islands during 1998 and 2001. According to the estimation result there is no significant role of industrial specialization on the industrial growth. Based on this finding, it can be said that the impact of homogenous inter-firm knowledge spillovers did not have significant contribution to the industry growth in Sumatera. Industrial specialization plays a significant role in determining industrial growth for food manufacturing industry (ISIC 31), paper manufacturing industry (ISIC 34), basic metal manufacturing industry (ISIC 37) and metal manufacturing industry (ISIC 38). Industrial competition is found to have a role on industrial growth in Sumatera Island, a higher industrial competition caused a higher industrial growth. A significant effect of industrial competition on the industrial growth seems important for basic metal manufacturing industry (ISIC 37) and metal manufacturing industry (ISIC 38). The research finding point out that industrial diversity in Sumatera has been a constraint industrial growth it was seen by a negative relation between industrial diversity and industrial growth. T he reason of this finding are many cities and regency in Sumatera do not have diverse industry.
Based on the size of employment, value added and number of firm during 1998 and 2001, it was concluded that the development of manufacturing industry in Sumatera has been dominated by North Sumatera, Riau , Lampung and South Sumatera. At the regency level, the highest employment and value added has been found in Batam and Deli Serdang. Another major finding shows that food manufacturing industry (ISIC 31) is the dominant and important industry in Sumatera since the industry provides a large industrial employment during the estimation period.
Kata Kunci : industri manufaktur, pulau Sumatra, dinamika spasial
