ANALISIS PERUBAHAN TEKNOLOGI PADA INDUSTRI SUBSEKTOR KIMIA DI INDONESIA , 1986 DAN 1994
Miftachul Munir (Adv.Dr.Soeratno), Dr.Soeratno
Ketika Indonesia mulai menyusun dan melaksanakan pembangunan ekonomi, para investor domestik maupun asing relatif mudah memperoleh izini nvestasi di Indonesia. Karena itu, GDP tumbuh dengan cepat.
Bersamaan dengan itu ketimpangan dalam distribusipendapatan merebak.Protes atas kondisi ini ,protes yang berbau anti asing, berakhir dengan terjadinya "malari". Sejak itu (th 1974) arah kebijaksanaan sedikit berubah. Kebijaksanaan perdagangan yang semula bersifat moderately outward oriented berubah menjadi moderately inward oriented. Proteksi produksi dalam negeri lebih digiatkan dengan berbagai bentuk.Diantaranya adalah dengan membatasi investor asing dalam pemilikan usaha, pembatasan impor dengan hambatan bukan tarif (kuota) dan pengaturan tata niaga. Kekurangan arus modal asing yang masuk dapat ditutup dengan hasil ekspor minyak bumi.
Tapi ketika pendapatan negara dari minyak bumi merosot tajam,maka tak ada jalan yang lebih tepat dari mendorong swasta, baik swasta domestik maupun asing untuk mempertahankan pertumbuhan ekonomi. Dilakukanlah banyak deregulasi sejak tahun 1985. Inti deregulasi ini adalah pemberian kemudahan dalam investasi kembali, pemilikan perusahaan oleh investor asing, pelonggaran dalam tata niaga dan penurunan tarif. Kebijaksanaan deregulasi ini ternyata telah berhasil mendorong pertumbuhan investsi, GDP dan ekspor.BUMN tak lepas dari kebijaksanaan deregulasi dan debirokratisasi.Manajer diberi kewenangan-kekuasaan yang lebih luas.
Kesehatan BUMN kemudian diklasifikasi menjadi 4 (empat) klas.Klasifikasi ini didasarkan pada rentabilitas, likuiditas dan solvabilitas serta kriteria (indikator) tambahan yang lain Tesis ini bertujuan untuk menemukan jenis perubahan teknologiyang telah terjadi dalam industri subsektor kimia, baik yang ada pada BUMN maupn swasta selama periode 1986-1994.Perubahan ini khusus nya menyangkut perbedaan kecepatan perubahan efisiensi teknis antara industri subsektor kimia BUMN dan swasta, intensitas penggunaan faktor dan sifat returns to scale.
Hasil penelitian membuktikan bahwa perubahan efisiensi teknis industri subsektor kimia swasta lebih besar dibanding dengan perubahan pada BUMN. Mengenai intensitas pengggunaan faktor produksi, tidak terbukti adanya perubahan (padaderajat 0.05). Jadiperubahan teknologi bersifat netral. Tapi ada perbedaan kecenderungan perubahan intensitas penggunaan faktor antara BUMN dan swasta. Pada BUMN,kecenderungannya adalah semakin capital intensive, sedang pada swasta
semakin labor intensive. Mengenai returns to scale, fungsi produksi industri sub sektor kimia BUMN bersifat increasing returns to scale yang kemudian mengarah ke constant returns to scale, sedang fungsi produksi subsektor kimia swasta bersifat constant returns to scale.
When Indonesia began to plan and to implement economic development, either domestic of foreign investors were relatively easy to obtain investment permission in Indonesia. Therefore, a lot of foreign investors, mainly from Japan, came into Indonesia. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) grew rapidly. Mean while, the inequality in income distribution increased. Protest over this condition which was anti foreign investment, ended with the "Malari" riot. Since that era (1974) the direction of economic policy has change da little According to The World Bank, the Indonesian trade policy which was formerly mode rately outward oriented changed into moderately inward oriented.
Protection toward the domestic production is more activated in various forms. Among them are by limiting foreign investor in business ownership, import restriction by non tariff barrier and increasing tariff.The lack of foreign investment flow can be full filled by the revenue of oil export.
However, when the government revenue from oil decreases sharply,there is no more appropriete than encouraging private sector, either domestic or foreign private to maintain economic growth. So it has been launched many deregulations since 1985. The most important things of these deregulations are to give again facility in investment, company ownership by foreign investor, enlargement in commercial system and reduction in tariff. The deregulations policy has in fact been able to push investment growth GDP and export. In one side, government has succeed in increasing student enrollment.
State Ownership Enterprise (SOE) is not apart from deregulation policy and debcarcucratization. Managers are given greater right and authority. The soundness of SOE is classified into 4 (four) classes. This classification is based on rentability, liquidity and solvability as well as other additional criteria (indicators).
The aim of this thesis is to find out sort of technological change during 1986-1994 in chemical subsector industries, either those of in SOE nr in private ones. This change is particulary concerning with the difference of speed of changing of technical efficiency between SOE and private chemical subsector industries, the intensity of factor proportion and the sort of returns to scale.
The results of this thesis proves that the change of technical efficiency of private chemical subsector industries is greater than the change in SOE. Concerning with intensity of proportion of production factor, there is no evidence of existence of changing (on degree 0,05).
So the technical change is neutral. But there is a tendency that different each other. In SOE the tendency is more capital intensive, while in private, it is more labor intensive. In relation with returns to scale, SOE has characteristic increasing returns to wale in which it then directs to constant returns to scale, while the production function of private chemical subsector industries is constant returns to scale.
Kata Kunci : efisiensi teknis- returns to scale proporsi faktor produksi
