Dampak Spillovers Penanaman Modal Asing (PMA) Terhadap Produktivitas Industri Manufaktur Di Indonesia Tahun 2000-2010
Lies Maria Hamzah (Adv.: Prof.Dr.Tri Widodo,M.Ec.,Dev; Prof. Dr. Samsubar Saleh, M.Soc.,Sc.), Promotor: Prof. Dr. Tri Widodo, M.Ec.,Dev
Ko Promotor: Prof. Dr. Samsubar Saleh, M.Soc.,Sc.
PMA yang umumnya dijalankan perusahaan asing MnC tidak hanya membawa investasi baru, tetapi mereka diharapkan membawa spillover untuk ekonomi negara tuan rumah. Spillover adalah eksternalitas positif yang dihasilkan MnC kepada negara tuan rumah yang dapat meningkatkan produktivitas perusahaan domestik. Efek positif ini dapat terjadi baik di dalam suatu perusahaan (spillovers horizontal) dan di dalam industri (spillovers vertikal) seperti dalam hal alih teknologi untuk pemasok dalam negeri atau pelanggan dalam rantai produksi. Dalam kajian dampak spillover yang dibawa PMA ke negara tuan rumah masih terdapat perbedaan, apakah berpengaruh positip atau berpengaruh negatip terhadap produktivitas industri manufaktur tuan rumah.
Tujuan penelitian ini untuk menganalisis dampak spillovers teknologi dari PMA terhadap Total Faktor Produksi (TFP) industri manufaktur di Indonesia. Apakah spillovers vertikal dari penggunaan input antara impor berpengaruh terhadap produksi dan perbedaan pengaruh spillovers horizontal dan spillovers vertikal terhadap produksi industri manufaktur di Indonesia.
Penelitian ini menggunakan data panel industri manufaktur Indonesia pada KBLI tiga digit yang merupakan data mentah hasil survei industri besar dan sedang yang dilakukan Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS) dari tahun 2000 sampai tahun 2010. Alat analisis yang digunakan adalah regresi linier berganda dengan Fixed Effect Method (FEM). Hasil penelitian dengan menggunakan pendekatan model TFP, ada pengaruh positip efek spillovers dari PMA terhadap TFP industri manufaktur di Indonesia. TFP menjelaskan bahwa perubahan efisiensi dan pergeseran fungsi produksi frointier merepresentasikan adanya perubahan teknologi. Spillovers vertikal dari penggunaan input impor terhadap produksi industri manufaktur sangat signifikan. Penggunaan input impor pada beberapa jenis industri yang masih cukup tinggi mengindikasikan penggunaan input impor masih lebih efisien dari pada input lokal.
Hasil estimasi menjelaskan adanya perbedaan besaran spillovers horizontal dan spillovers vertikal, spillovers horizontal lebih besar daripada spillovers vertikal. PMA memainkan peran penting dalam proses internasionalisasi bisnis secara multilateral. Terdapat banyak perubahan besar yang dibawa PMA seperti, perkembangan teknologi, pengurangan batasan investasi asing dan akuisisi perusahaan dan privatisasi industri di berbagai sektor. Saat ini MnC di Indonesia menguasai hampir seluruh rantai perdagangan dari pemasok input sampai pemasaran hasil produksi. Transaksi-transaksi tertentu lebih menguntungkan dilakukan dalam satu perusahaan dan bukan antar perusahaan seperti dengan melakukan Integrasi vertikal dimana baik perusahaan hulu maupun perusahaan hilir disatukan.
FDI which is commonly run by multinational corporations (MnC) is not only expected to bring new investment, it is also expected to bring spillovers to the economy of the host country. Spillovers refer to a positive externality
generated by MnC for the host country which can increase productivity of domestic companies. These positive effects occur either within a company (horizontal spillovers) or within an industry (vertical spillovers) just like in the
case of technology transfer for domestic suppliers or customers in the production chain. Results of the analysis of the spillover effects of FDI on the host country
reveal on going differences in the opinions of whether it has a positive effect or a negative effect on productivity of the manufacturing industry. This study aims to analyze the effects of technological spillovers of FDI, both horizontal spillovers and vertical spillovers of imported inputs, and the differences in the effects of horizontal spillovers and those of vertical spillovers on the productivity of the manufacturing industry in Indonesia.
This study was conducted using panel data, i.e. the Indonesian manufacturing industry, in three decimal places which are the raw data from a survey of large and medium-scale industries conducted from 2000 to 2010 by the
Central Statistics Agency (BPS). The analysis instrument used is multiple linier regretion with fixed effect method (FEM). Findings of this study using the TFP model approach reveal that the spillover effects of FDI affect positively the productivity of the Indonesian manufacturing industry. This TFP model explains that changes in efficiency and a shift in the frointier production function indicate
changes in technology. The vertical spillovers of imported input use on the production of the manufacturing industry are highly significant. The use of these imported inputs in several types of industries which remains sufficiently high indicates that this use of the imported inputs is still more efficient than the use of the local inputs.
The estimation results suggest the existence of horizontal spillovers and vertical spillovers with a different order of magnitude, in which the horizontal spillovers are greater than the vertical spillovers. FDI plays an important role in the internationalization of business multilaterally. FDI brings major changes such as improved technology, reduced restrictions on foreign investment and corporate acquisitions and privatization of industries in various sectors. Currently, MnC based in Indonesia are dominating almost the entire trade chain from input
supplies to marketing of products. Certain transactions will be more profitable if made within a company rather than between companies. For an example, through vertical integration where upstream and downstream companies join together.This paper will examine to what extent the shock global financial crisis impact on real and banking sector the Indonesias economy.The rapid development of at present global financial integration markets caused advanced technology. Along with the issue of the economy in various the world, directly related to the global crisis occurred in 2008-2009 strongly influenced the development of developing country credit default swap (CDS) as Indonesia. The Increase in the value of credit default swap illustrate the hight risk of default and then impact on investor confidence and the weaking exchange rate.This is reflected in the global shocks and the subprime mortagage crisis in United States. However, the global crisis can be anticipated with early warning indicators credit default swap, so that the handling of crisis anticipation can be done faster. These results indicate that the credit default swap faster response by the banking sector compared with the real sector.
Kata Kunci : spillovers, PMA, produktivitas, industri manufaktur.spillovers, FDI, productivity, manufacturing industry
