Analisis Faktor-faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Pendapatan petani Transmigran dan Petani non Transmigran di Kabupaten Kapuas: Studi Kasus pangkoh 1 dan Basarang
Hamun, Baselman N. (Adv.: Dr. Sulistyo, MBA), Dr. Sulistyo, MBA
Selama pelaksanaan pelita pangkoh I dan Basarang adalah merupakan daerah lokasi penempatan transmigrasi, yang berada dalam wilayah adrninis— tratif Kabupaten Kapuas di propinsi Kalimantan Tengah. [Tani jumlah 25.303 KK ( 106.550 jiwa ) transmigran yang di tempatkan selama pelita I — IV di Kalimantan Tengah, diantaranya terdapat 15.676 KK ( 67.122 jiwa) atau 61 % di tempatkan di Kabupaten Kapuas; pada berbagai lokasi yakni lokasi Basarang, Mantaren, pangkoh ( termasuk pangkoh I ), Tamban Luar,
Tamban Lupak dan lokasi Terusan Tengah. pelaksanaan program transmigrasi selama pelita, disamping mempunyai arti penting/membawa manfaat dalam rangka pemecahan masalah kepadatan penduduk, keterbatasan kesempatan kerja dan lahan yang sempit di pulau aawa. Juga bermanfaat dalam rangka memajukan pembungunan daerah di luar pulau Sawa ( termasuk Kalimantan Tengah ) seperti diantaranya ialah ; perluasan kesempatan kerja, perluasan areal produksi pertanian, peningkatan hasil produksi pertanian, penyediaan tenaga trampil, perbaikan tarap hidup yang diikuti peningkatan pendapatan petani transmigran maupun petani nun tranmsigran, pemanfaatan sumber daya clam, mempercepat proses pembauran dan intergrasi nasional serta membantu dalam perluasan pengembangan wilayah. Berkaitan dengan pendapatan petani transmigran dibandingkan pendapatan petani non transmigran ber:sama—sama dengan faktur yang mempengaruhinya dapat dikemukakan bahwa secara keseluruhan rata—rata pendapatan total petani non. transmigran lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan pendapatan petani transmigran. Dan keduanya berbeda secara signifikan berdasarkan uji beda statistik, pada tingkat kepercayaan 95 % yang menghasilkan Z— hitung 2,88 lebih besar dari Z— tabel 1,96.perbnndingan secara absolut, rata—rata total pendapatan petani non transmigran sebesar Rp. 1.144.562,— dan petani transmigran sebesar Rp. 775.309,—. Jadi terdapat selisih sebesar Rp. 369.253,— atau 47,63 % pendapatan petani non transmigran diatas petani transmigran. Terkecuali untuk pendapatan usaha tani petani non transmigran lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan petani transmigran. Dalam hal ini rata—rata pendapatan usaha tani non transmigran sebesar Rp. 537.870,— dan petani transmigran sebesar Rp.636.682,—.jadi pendapatan usaha tani non transmigran lebih rendah sebesar Rp.99.012,— atau sebesar 15,54 % dibandingkan pendapatan usaha tani transmigran. Dan berdasarkan uji beda statistik pada tingkat kepercayaan 95 %, ternyata kedua rata—rata pendapatan usaha tani petani tersebut tidak berbeda secara signifikan. Dimana z— hitung menunjukkan 1,86 lebih kecil dibandingkan Z—tabel 1,96. Dalam hal pendapatan nun usaha tani, ternyata rata—rata pendapatan non usaha tani, petani non transmigran lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan petani transmigran. Rata—rata pendapatan non usaha tani petani non transmigran adalah sebesar Rp. 1.485.750,— sementara rata—rata pendapatan non usaha tani transmigran sebesar Rp.506.650,— sehingga terdapat selisih sebesar Rp.979.100,— atau 193 % pendapatan petani non transmigran diatas petani transmigran. Derdasarkan hasil uji beda statistik diantara kedua petani tersebut berbeda secara signifikan, pada derajat kepercayaan 90 % yang menghasilkan t—hitung 71,73 lebih besar daripada t—tabel sebesar 2,97. Faktur faktor yang mempengaruhi pendapatan, termasuk didalamnya pendapatan usaha tani transmigran maupun nun transmigran adalah factor luas lahan garapan, curahan jam kerja efektip dan modal. sementara itu kondisi hubungan fungsi produksi kegiatan usaha tani transmigran berada pada posisi " decreasing return to scale " dimana tingkat elastisitas produksinya lebih kecil dari satu. Sedangkan pada petani nun transmigran kondisi hubungan fungsi produksi usaha tani, berada pada posisi " increasing retuns to scale H dimana tingkat elastisitas produksinya lebih besar dari satu. Selain itu faktor yang mempengaruhi pendapatan non usaha tani, baik untuk petani transmigran maupun petani non transmigran adalah faktor curahan jam kerja efektip dan faktor modal. Dan kesemua faktor tersebut diatas berpengaruh secara signifikan, berdasarkan uji t—test statistik secara partial maupun uji F —test statistik secara serentak, pada derajat kepercayaan ( signifikansi ) 9U % clan Y5 %. ( Pengujian secara rinci lihat tabel V.4. ; V.5. ; U•5• ; dan V.7. ).
During the implementation of five—year Development plans, pangkoh and Basarang become receving areas of transmigrants, the two areas are under the administrative region of the Kapuas Regency in the province of Central Kalimantan. A total of 25.303 family heads ( 106.550 lives ) had been transmigrated to central Kalimantan during the first until the fourth Five—year Development plans, 15.676 family heads ( 67.122 lives ) of them or 61 % were located in the Kapuas regency, in various areas namely in Basarang, Mantaren, pangkoh ( including pangkoh I ), Tamban Luar, Tamban Lupak and Terusan Tvngah.
The implementation of the transmigration programme, in addition to its significant advantage as an effort to solve the problem of overpopulation, insufficiency of work opportunty and cultivable land, the programme is advantageous in the framwork of increasing development in the areas autside of the Java island ( including central Kalimantan ). It is to increase the work opportunity, to extend the agricultural production, to recruit skilled labours, to improve the living standard followed by increasing either the income of transmigrant farmers or nontransmigrant famers, exploitation of natural resources, to accelerate the racial assimilation, national integrity and to help the extention of regional development. Comparing the income of transmigrant farmers with that of the nontransmigrant farmers simultaneously with their influencing factors, it appers that on the whole, the total average of transmigrant farmers income was higher than that of transmigrant farmers. And there was significant difference between the two on the basis of statistical difference tests, on the confidence level of 95 % resulting in z— count of 2,88
higher than the Z— table of 1,96. According to the absolute ratio, the total average of nontransmigrant farmers income was Rp.1.144.562,— and Rp.775.309 for the transmigrant farmers or the income of nontransmigrant farmers was 47,63 % higher than that of the transmigrant farmer. But the income of nontransmigrant farmers from the farming activities was lower than that of the transmigrant farmer.In this case, the average income of nontransmigrant farmers yielded from farming activities was Rp.537.870 whereas that of the transmigrant farmers was Rp.636.882 or the income of nontransmigrant farmer from the farming activities was lower with the difference test with the confidence level of 95 %,it appears that the two income averages did not make significant difference, of which the z — count shows 1.86 lower than that of Z— table of 1.96. In the case of non—farming income, it appears that the average non farming income of the nontransmigrant farmer was higher than that of the transmigrant farmers. The average non—farming income of the nontransmi— grant farmer was Rp.1.485.750 whereas that of the transmigrant farmer was RO.506.650 — thus there appears a difference of Rp.99.100,7. or the income the nontransmigrant farmers was 193 % higher than that of the transmigrant farmers. Based on the result of the statistical difference test between two groups of farmers there was a significant difference on the confidence level of 90 % producing the z— count of 71,73 higher than the Z— table of 2,97. The factors influencing the income, including both the farming income of transmigrant farmer and that of the nontransmigrant farmer and that of the nontransmigrant farmers, were the factors of the field extent, effective work hours and the capital factor. Meanwhile the condition of the relationship of production function of transmigrant farmers farming activities was in the position of tt decreasing return to scale 11 in wich the elas,t city level was less than one. whereas that on the nontransmigrant farmer was in the position of increasing return to scale u in which tie level of production elasticity was more than one. In addition, factor influencing the nonfarming income of the nontransmigrant farmers was the factor of effective work hours and the factor of capital. And all above factors have significant influences, on the basis of the statistical t- test either partially or the statistical t-test simultaneously on the confidence level of 90 % and 95 74. ( For detailed test see tables V.4.; V.5; v.6; and V.7 ).
Kata Kunci : Pendapatan petani Transmigran, Pendapatan petani non Transmigran.
