Indikasi Keberadan Unsur Manajemen Laba (Earnings Management) dalam Laporan Keuangan Perusahaan Publik
Endang Kiswara (adv. Dr. M. Gudono, MBA), Dr. M. Gudono, MBA
Penelitian ini menggali kebijakan akuntansi akrual, yang mengarah pada indikasi terhadap keberadaan unsur manajemen laba dalam pengungkapan laporan keuangan perusahaan publik. Riset merupakan replikasi dari penelitian mengenai earnings management yang dilakukan di Amerika Serikat,
dengan konotasi obyek penelitian perusahaan publik di Indonesia, menurut karakteristik perusahaan, yaitu ukuran (keeil, sedang dan besar), klasifikasi industri (aneka, barang konsumsi, keuangan dan perbankan, kimia dan dasar serfs perdagangan dan jasa) dan jenis penanaman modal
(PMA dan PMDN). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ukuran perusahaan publik dan jenis penanaman modal tidak berhubungan dengan nilai total akrual namun klasifikasi industri memiliki hubungan. Total akrual digunakan sebagai proksi dari kebijakan akuntansi akrual perusahaan publik,
yang mengarahkan pada tindakan manajemen labs. Simpulan ini ditarik berdasarkan uji statistika non parametrik (Mann-Whitney 11 Wileoxon Rank Sum W Test, ruskal-Wallis 1-Way Anova serta uji median) dan gambaran grafikal perilaku total akrual dari tahun ke tahun (yaitu 1992 sd. 1996).
Riset telah menggali dampak perbedaan yang termaktub dalam rerangka karakteristik perusahaan publik, melalui indikasi nilai total akrual yang terhitung berdasarkan data dalam laporan keuangan tahunan. Namun, mengingat availabilitas data analisis yang diperoleh, peneliti menemukan ketiadaan
dukungan yang cukup atas indikasi manipulasi dalam bentuk kebijakan akuntansi akrual. Data kebijakan akuntansi akrual tidak dipublikasikan sebagai informasi tambahan laporan keuangan dan secara terinci penelitian ini belum mengungkapkan perilaku akrual per akun yang diidentifikasi dari model.
This research explored some indication of accrual accounting policies, as the part of earnings management on yearly public company's financial statements. The study is a kind of replication from the other research on earnings management in USA based on Indonesian's public companies
characteristics (size, industrial classification and the kinds of capital investment). The outcomes predicted that the companies' size, and the kinds of capital investment are not related to its total accrual value, but industrial classifications had, in order of the public companies accrual accounting policy's proxy. This conclusions are derived from non parametrical statistical analysis (ie. Mann-Whitney U Wilcoxon Rank Sum W Test, Kruskal-Wallis 1-Way .nova and Median Test). From the value of total accrual and graphical illustration of total accrual behaviours year by year, researcher finds that at least one of the public company characteristics had related to the accrual accounting policy's power (i.e. industrial classification), and tend to indication of earnings management on financial statements disclosure. The outcomes of no supporting to the hyphotesis about the variation of total accrual value, from its public company's size, and kinds of capital investment, had a
syncronization with the other research about income smoothing yet (ie. Jin (1997), Zuhroh (1996), Ilmainir (1996), Asih (1998), and Salim (1999)).
In the case of public companies, policies significance to the managers problems, that's how to balance financial statements disclosure, then they take the market perception and public domain usefulness (a set of output informations, likuidity and capital expense) on the financial statements disclosure without giving any loopholes for useful turn-out (maintain company's control, job, security funds and financial information support whenever needed) of the BAPEPAM's regulation.
The aim is maximizing the usefulness subject of yearly financial statements for communicating companies economic resources and the set of any companies' limitations. There're some indication that the accrual discretionary's model (this research used modification of Healy (1986) and Jones (1991)) is not compatible to apply on the Indonesian's public company, because of its behavioral
consistency on management's accounting disretionary not explored in each model's components.
Kata Kunci : manajemen laba, laporan keuangan
