Knowledge Management in Theory and Practice
Dalkir, Kimiz,
2005 | Skripsi | S1 Management
MANAGEMENT
IN THEORY AND PRACTICE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Learning Objectives 1
Introduction 2
What Is Knowledge Management? 4
Multidisciplinary Nature of KM 6
The Two Major Types of Knowledge 8
The Concept Analysis Technique 9
History of Knowledge Management 12
From Physical Assets to Knowledge Assets 16
Organizational Perspectives on Knowledge Management 17
Why Is KM Important Today? 18
KM for Individuals, Communities, and Organizations 20
Key Points 21
Discussion Points 21
References 22
2 THE KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT CYCLE . . . . . . . . . 25
Learning Objectives 25
Introduction 26
Major Approaches to the KM Cycle 26
The Zack KM Cycle 26
The Bukowitz and Williams KM Cycle 32
The McElroy KM Cycle 35
The Wiig KM Cycle 38
An Integrated KM Cycle 43
Strategic Implications of the KM Cycle 45
Practical Considerations for Managing Knowledge 45
vii
Key Points 46
Discussion Points 46
References 46
3 KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT MODELS . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Learning Objectives 47
Introduction 48
Major Theoretical KM Models 49
The von Krogh and Roos Model of Organizational
Epistemology 50
The Nonaka and Takeuchi Knowledge Spiral Model 52
The Knowledge Creation Process 52
Knowledge Conversion 53
Knowledge Spiral 56
The Choo Sense-making KM Model 58
The Wiig Model for Building and Using Knowledge 61
The Boisot I-Space KM Model 66
Complex Adaptive System Models of KM 67
Strategic Implications of KM Models 72
Practical Implications of KM Models 72
Key Points 73
Discussion Points 73
References 74
4 KNOWLEDGE CAPTURE AND CODIFICATION . . . . . . . 77
Learning Objectives 77
Introduction 78
Tacit Knowledge Capture 80
Tacit Knowledge Capture at Individual and Group Levels 82
Interviewing Experts 83
Structured Interviewing 84
Stories 86
Learning by Being Told 89
Learning by Observation 90
Other Methods of Tacit Knowledge Capture 90
Tacit Knowledge Capture at the Organizational Level 94
Explicit Knowledge Codification 96
Cognitive Maps 97
Decision Trees 98
Knowledge Taxonomics 99
Strategic Implications of Knowledge Capture and Codification 102
Practical Implications of Knowledge Capture and Codification 103
Key Points 104
Discussion Points 105
Note 105
References 105
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5 KNOWLEDGE SHARING AND COMMUNITIES
OF PRACTICE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Learning Objectives 109
Introduction 110
The Social Nature of Knowledge 114
Sociograms and Social Network Analysis 116
Community Yellow Pages 119
Knowledge-Sharing Communities 122
Types of Communities 123
Roles and Responsibilities in CoPs 126
Knowledge Sharing in Virtual CoPs 129
Obstacles to Knowledge Sharing 132
The Undernet 133
Organizational Learning and Social Capital 134
Measuring the Value of Social Capital 135
Strategic Implications of Knowledge Sharing 137
Practical Implications of Knowledge Sharing 138
Key Points 139
Discussion Points 140
Notes 140
References 140
6 KNOWLEDGE APPLICATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Learning Objectives 145
Introduction 146
Knowledge Application at the Individual Level 148
Characteristics of Individual Knowledge Workers 148
Bloom's Taxonomy of Learning Objectives 152
Task Analysis and Modeling 159
EPSS 160
Knowledge Application at Group and Organizational Levels 166
Knowledge Reuse 169
Knowledge Repositories 172
Strategic Implications of Knowledge Application 172
Practical Implications of Knowledge Application 173
Key Points 174
Discussion Points 174
Notes 175
References 175
7 THE ROLE OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE . . . . . . . . 177
Learning Objectives 177
Introduction 178
Different Types of Cultures 181
Organizational Culture Analysis 182
CONTENTS ix
Culture at the Foundation of KM 185
The Effects of Culture on Individuals 187
Cultural Transformation to a Knowledge-Sharing Culture 190
Organizational Maturity Models 201
KM Maturity Models 204
CoP Maturity Models 207
Strategic Implications of Organizational Culture 209
Practical Implications of Organizational Culture 209
Key Points 213
Discussion Points 213
Notes 214
References 214
8 KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT TOOLS . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
Learning Objectives 217
Introduction 218
Knowledge Capture and Creation Tools 218
Content Creation Tools 218
Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery 219
Blogs 222
Content Management Tools 224
Knowledge Sharing and Dissemination Tools 225
Groupware and Collaboration Tools 225
Wikis 231
Networking Technologies 232
Knowledge Acquisition and Application Tools 236
Intelligent Filtering Tools 237
Adaptive Technologies 241
Strategic Implications of KM Tools and Techniques 241
Practical Implications of KM Tools and Techniques 242
Key Points 243
Discussion Points 243
Notes 244
References 244
9 KM STRATEGY AND METRICS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
Learning Objectives 247
Introduction 248
Knowledge Management Strategy 251
Knowledge Audit 253
Gap Analysis 256
The KM Strategy Road Map 257
The Management of Organizational Memory 260
Balancing Innovation and Organizational Structure 263
Historical Overview of Metrics in KM 266
KM Metrics 268
The Benchmarking Method 272
x KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT IN THEORY AND PRACTICE
The Balanced Scorecard Method 275
The House of Quality Method 277
Key Points 279
Discussion Points 279
Notes 280
References 280
10 THE KM TEAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
Learning Objectives 283
Introduction 284
Major Categories of KM Roles 287
Senior Management Roles 290
KM Roles and Responsibilities within Organizations 294
The KM Profession 296
The Ethics of KM 297
Key Points 300
Discussion Points 301
Note 301
References 301
11 FUTURE CHALLENGES FOR KM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
Learning Objectives 303
Introduction 304
Political Issues Regarding Access 305
The Politics of Organizational Context and Culture 307
How to Provide Incentives for Knowledge Sharing 309
Shift to Knowledge-Based Assets 313
Future Challenges for KM 318
KM Research Issues 319
A Postmodern KM? 322
Concluding Thoughts 323
Key Points 324
Discussion Points 325
References 326
Glossary 329
Index 345
Kata Kunci : Knowledge Management
