KAJIAN BAHAN KONSERVAN TRADISIONAL BERBASIS MINYAK ATSIRI DALAM PENGENDALIAN RAYAP KAYU KERING PADA KONSERVASI ARTEFAK BERBAHAN KAYU

RIA DIAR STYA P, Dr. Mahirta, M.A

2017 | Tesis | S2 Ilmu Arkeologi

Museum adalah salah satu lembaga yang bertugas melaksanakan pelestarian cagar budaya melalui kegiatan konservasi koleksi museum. Salah satu museum yang melakukan upaya pelestarian koleksinya yang berupa artefak berbahan kayu dengan menggunakan bahan-bahan berdasarkan tradisi turun-menurun dari generasi terdahulu adalah Museum Radya Pustaka. Bahan-bahan konservan alami yang digunakan turun menurun adalah penggunaan campuran cengkeh, akar wangi dan gaharu. Artefak berbahan kayu yang sangat rentan mengalami kerusakan terutama yang disebabkan oleh rayap kayu kering Cryptotermes sp. Praktek penggunaan bahan konservan tersebut masih berupa pengetahuan prasaintifik. Pengetahuan mengenai bahan konservan tersebut dapat dibuktikan secara ilmiah. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui efektivitas penggunaan campuran minyak atsiri akar wangi, cengkeh, dan gaharu dalam kegiatan konservasi artefak kayu di Museum. Penelitian ini juga bertujuan untuk mengetahui media sediaan bahan konservan yang mudah diaplikasikan, disimpan dan dikemas dalam upaya menghambat serangan rayap kayu kering pada arfetak kayu agar kerusakan kayu dapat diminimalkan. Penelitian yang dilakukan meliputi survey, wawancara, dan metode eksperimen di laboratorium. Metode yang dilakukan mengacu pada Sakasegawa et al (2003) yang digunakan untuk membunuh Cryptotermes sp. Pada penelitian ini saya menentukan tiga jenis campuran bahan untuk diukur tingkat efektivitasnya. Tiga jenis bahan tersebut antara lain; 1) bahan dalam wujud alami, 2) bahan dalam wujud minyak atsiri, 3) minyak atsiri dalam bentuk gel. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa minyak atsiri cengkeh memiliki kefektifan paling tinggi dibandingkan dengan minyak atsiri akar wangi, dan gaharu. Adapun urutan tingkat efektivitas minyak atsiri terhadap mortalitas rayap kayu kering dari yang tertinggi sampai yang terendah adalah minyak cengkeh, akar wangi dan gaharu. Minyak atsiri cengkeh menunjukkan mortalitas rayap sebesar 100% pada penggunaan konsentrasi 5%. Penggunaan campuran minyak atsiri akar wangi, cengkeh, dan gaharu memiliki keefektifan paling tinggi terhadap uji antirayap dibandingkan dengan minyak atsiri yang digunakan secara tunggal. Campuran minyak atsiri akar wangi, cengkeh, dan gaharu menunjukkan tingkat mortalitas rayap 100% pada penggunaan komposisi dengan konsentrasi masing-masing 5%. Gel berbasis campuran minyak atsiri akar wangi, cengkeh, dan gaharu memiliki ketahanan daya pakai hingga 30 hari pemakaian. Aplikasi gel berbasis minyak atsiri tidak meninggalkan jejak minyak secara visual kasat mata dan perabaan pada permukaan artefak kayu selama pemakaian 30 hari.

Museum is one of the institutions in charge of preserving the cultural heritage through the conservation of museum collections. One of the conservation efforts of the collection in the Radya Pustaka Museum is the conservation of organic collection using natural plants (akar wangi/vetiver grass, cloves and agarwood). The methods applied was actually passed down from the previous generations. Organic collections espesially wooden artifacts are particularly susceptible to damage which is mainly caused by drywood termites, Cryptotermes sp. These practice based on the prescientific knowledge and still largely communicated in spoken languange. It can be converted into scientific knowledge by conducting scientific evidence. This study was conducted to find out the effectiveness of the use of essential oil mixture of agarwood, vetiver grass, and cloves on the conservation activities in Museum. This research also to find out the prepared medium of the conservant materials in the form of gel which is easy to apply, store, and pack as the way to inhibit the attack of drywood termites on the conservation of wooden artifacts in the museum. To produce the results of qualified research, I applied surveys, interviews and experimental methods in the laboratory through a series of experiments and analysis. The protocol method established by Sakasegawa et al (2003) was used for the antitermite assay against a Cryptotermes sp. In the present study, I determine of the effectiveness of the mixture of vetiver grass, cloves, and agarwood on the following assays: 1) anti termite activity on using natural plants form; 2) anti termite activity by using essential oil of Vetiver grass, cloves and agarwood in the filter paper; and 3) termiticidal activity using essential oil in the gel form. The results show that essential oil of clove has the highest effectiveness compared to the essential oil of vetiver grass and agarwood. The order of effectiveness level of essential oil to dry wood termite mortality from highest to lowest is clove oil, vetiver grass and agarwood. Essential oil of clove cause termite mortality by 100% at 5% concentration use. The use of the essential oil mixture of vetiver grass, clove, and agarwood has the highest effectiveness of anti termite tests compared to the single uses of the essential oil. The mixture of vetiver grass, clove, and agarwood essential oils show mortality rate of 100% termites on the use of the composition with concentration of 5% each. The essential oil mixture of agarwood, vetiver grass, and cloves which was applied on the prepared medium in the form of gel is more effective compared to to the use of those materials in the form of plants. The gel which was based on the mixture of agarwood, vetiver grass, and cloves had 30-day-use durability. Macroscopically, the application of the gel which was based on essential oil did not leave any oil trace on the surface of wooden artifacts in the 30-day use.

Kata Kunci : Kata Kunci : artefak kayu, bahan konservan tradisional, efektivitas, minyak atsiri, gel, rayap kayu kering, Cryptotermes sp.