PERBANDINGAN AKTIVITAS NONVIOLENT PEACEFORCE DAN PERSERIKATAN BANGSA-BANGSA DALAM OPERASI PERDAMAIAN INTERNASIONAL DI SUDAN SELATAN

ALIFIANDI RAHMAN Y, Dr. Diah Kusumaningrum, S.IP., M.A.

2017 | Skripsi | S1 ILMU HUBUNGAN INTERNASIONAL

Sudan Selatan merupakan satu-satunya lokasi dimana dua jenis operasi perdamaian internasional oleh dua aktor berbeda dilaksanakan. Yakni Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa (PBB) yang menyelenggarakan United Nations Mission in South Sudan (UNMISS), dan sebuah INGO bernama Nonviolent Peaceforce (NP). Kedua aktor tersebut memiliki pendekatan operasi perdamaian yang berbeda. Dalam UNMISS digunakan pendekatan multidimensional peacekeeping, konsep mutakhir PBB yang mengintensifkan peran sipil disamping peran militer dan aktivitas mulitidimensi yang berdampingan dengan pemerintah nasional. Di sisi lain, NP menggunakan pendekatan unarmed civilian peacekeeping (UCP) yang dianggap mendobrak asumsi umum dengan menerjunkan peacekeepers sipil tidak bersenjata dan mengedepankan aktivitas nirkekerasan. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisa bagaimana dua pendekatan tersebut berpengaruh pada operasi perdamaian PBB maupun NP di Sudan Selatan. Tulisan ini merumuskan metodologi yang melihat perbedaan pendekatan mempengaruhi operasi perdamaian PBB dan NP dalam empat aspek. Pertama, ruang lingkup operasi perdamaian PBB yang bersifat makro, sedangkan NP bersifat mikro. Kedua, ruang gerak PBB yang terbatasi oleh mandat DK PBB sedangkan NP oleh jumlah personil, namun kapabilitas misi NP yang lebih baik ketimbang PBB. Ketiga, mekanisme deterrence yang berbeda karena PBB mempertahankan penggunaan senjata, sedangkan NP memfokuskan pada proses membangun trust dan relationship dari komunitas lokal. Keempat, aktivitas protection on civilian (PoC) PBB yang membentuk safe area, sedangkan NP menghadirkan safe space. Dalam kasus Sudan Selatan dimana kendati dilaksanakannya operasi perdamaian PBB maupun NP tidak menghentikan ekskalasi konflik karena berlangsungnya perang saudara di tahun 2013 atau 2 tahun setelah misi PBB dan NP dijalankan maka harus diadakan upaya mengkombinasikan metode-metode multidimensional peacekeeping dengan UCP agar sebuah operasi perdamaian mampu menjembatani aktivitas peacemaking, peacekeeping dan peacebuilding layaknya misi NP dalam lingkup makro layaknya operasi perdamaian PBB.

South Sudan is unique due to it is the only country where two types of international peacekeeping operations (PKO) by two different actors are operating. It is the United Nations (UN) which formulated the United Nations Mission in South Sudan (UNMISS), and an INGO called Nonviolent Peaceforce (NP). Both actors have different approaches to peacekeeping operations. UNMISS adopted a multidimensional peacekeeping approach, the latest concept of the UN PKO which intensifies the role of civilian personnel - in addition to the role of the military officers - and multidimensional activities in support to the government of the host country. On the other hand, NP uses unarmed civilian peacekeeping (UCP) approach, an approach that is considered challenges the common assumptions of PKO by deploying unarmed civilian peacekeepers and promoting nonviolent methods. This study aims to analyze how these two approaches affect the PKOs UN and NP respectively in South Sudan. This thesis formulates a methodology which argues that the different approaches affecting the PKOs of UN NP in four aspects. First, the scope of UN peacekeeping operations considered has a macro scope, while the NP has a micro scope. Second, UN peacekeepers movement was limited by the UNSC mandate while NP by the number of personnel, but NP mission capability is better than UN. Third, different deterrence mechanisms because the UN PKO maintains the use of weapons, while the NP focuses on the process of building trust and relationships in local communities. Fourth, the protection on civilian (PoC) program at UNMISS focuses on building the safe area, while the NP tried to create a safe space in the middle of local civilian communities. In the case of South Sudan where the PKOs of UN and NP could not stop the escalation of the conflict due to the broke of 2013 South Sudanese Civil War - 2 years after the deployment of both UN and NP peacekeepers - an effort should be made to combine multidimensional peacekeeping methods with UCP in order to create a PKO which succeed in bridging peacemaking, peacekeeping and peacebuilding activities like what NP missions had done in South Sudan, in macro-scope operations as UN peacekeeping operations in South Sudan.

Kata Kunci : Operasi Perdamaian Internasional, Sudan Selatan, Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa, Nonviolent Peaceforce, Multidimensional Peacekeeping, Unarmed Civilian Peacekeeping