Strategi kelangsungan hidup migran sirkuler etnik Bugis dan Jawa di Kota Makassar

MALIK, Sriyati, Promotor Prof.Dr. Ida Bagoes Mantra

2003 | Disertasi | S3 Geografi

proses adaptasi dengan lingkungan dan strategi kelangsungan hidup yang dilakukan migran sirkuler etnik Bugis dan Jawa di kota Makassar yang meliputi 3 aspek, yaitu; (a) aspek sosial kemasyarakatan, (b) aspek kelangsungan usaha, dan (c) aspek kesejahteraan keluarga, untuk lebih jelasnya akan dibahas meliputi misi budaya dan lingkungan sosial, proses adaptasi, serta strategi kelangsungan hidup kedua etnik dan persamaan serta perbedaan kedua etnik. Di samping proporsi perbandingan etnik Bugis dan Jawa 35 % : 7 % dari jumlah penduduk BPS, 2000). Penelitian dengan metode sutvei terhadap migran non-permanen etnik Bugis dan Jawa dilakukan dengan syarat (a) bertempat tinggal di kota Makassar sekitar 3-10 tahun, (b) tempat kelahiran di luar kota Makassar, (c) memiliki aktivitas sebagai pedagang kecil dan sektor jasa. Secara purposive dipilih dua kecamatan yang letak geografis berbeda Kecamatan Panakkukang terletak bagian selatan kota Makassar (dekat kota), kecamatan Biringkanaya terletak bagian timur (daerah pinggiran kota atau daerah kawasan industri, masing-masing kecamatan diperoleh 121 responden. Jumlah responden etriik Bugis 163 orang dan etnik Jawa 7 9 orang , d ida pa t secara snowballing, hasi I n ya non-probobility sampling. Teknik analisis adalah deskriptif dilengkapi dengan tabel prekuensi dan tabel silang. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa keberhasilan etnik Jawa dipengaruhi oleh faktor kelompok minoritas, jarak aktivitas ke daerah asal, usahanya tidak bertabrakan dengan usaha etnik Bugis dan usahanya mudah digemari oleh masyarakat setempat.. Sehingga etnik Jawa dalam aspek sosial kemasyarakatan lebih mampu beradaptasi dibandingkan etnik Bugis. Adaptasi lingkungan migran sangat dipengaruhi oleh “misi budaya”’, jaringan sosial, jaringan kekerabatan dan ketetanggaan yang membentuk paguyuban, bagi etnik Jawa merasa aman secara psikologis dan ekonomis, ha1 demikian sesuai dengan pendapat Comer (1 988), dimana etnik Jawa memberikan pandangan yang positif, sebaliknya etnik Bug is menunjukkan pandangan negatif Sedangkan aspek kelangsungan usaha dan tingkat kesejahteraan keluarga etnik Jawa lebih baik dibandingkan etnik Bugis baik aspek demografi, sosial ekonomi di samping karena etnik Jawa dipengaruhi oleh seringnya menabung dengan cara membeli hewan peliharaan, hidup hemat dan ekonomis sebaliknya etnik Bugis memiliki pola konsumtif tinggi Berdasarkan sifat perilaku agresif yang dimiliki etnik Bugis, diibaratkan etnik Bugis sebagai “semut merah” dan etnik Jawa seperti “semut hitam”. Hal ini didasarkan pada stereotip yang dimiliki etnik Jawa yakni pertama; rasa rendah hati, tidak ingin menonjolkan din, kedua; lemah dalam persaingan, ketiaa; dapat meredam rasa kemarahan atau kekecewaan, dan menghindari konflik terbuka.

The main purpose of this research is to know and to review the viability strategy done by circular migrant of Bugis and Javanese ethnics in Makassar including three aspects, i.e. a) aspect of business viability, b) aspect of societal social, and c) aspect of family welfare. For detailed, it will discuss the cultural mission and the social environment, adaptation process and the survival strategy as well as the similarity and difference between both ethnics. Beside that is the proportion ratio of the population rate of Bugis and Javanese of 35% : 7%' from the Central Bureau of Statistics, 2000). The research with survey method toward non-permanent migrant of Bugis and Javanese ethnics was performed with prerequisites of (a) live in Makassar for about 3 - 10 years, (b) the birth place is outside Makassar, (c) have activities as small trader and in service sectors. It is purposively selected two kecamatans with different geographical sites; kecamatan of Panakkukang located on southern Makassar (near the downtown) and Biringkanaya kecamatan on the eastern site (suburban or industrial area). Together both kecamatans gave 121 respondents. 163 Bugis respondents and 79 Javanese respondents were sampled by snowballing method with the result of non-pmbabilify sampling. The analysis technique was descriptive completed with frequency table and cross table. The result of this research showed that the success of Javanese ethnic was influenced by factors of the minority group, the activity distance to their original places, their business were not contradict to the Bugis's one, and local people was easily fond of their business. Therefore, in the societal social aspect, the Javanese ethnic was more able to adapt comparing to the Bugis one. The migrant's environmental adaptation was highly influenced by the "cultural mission"'), social network, kinship and neighborhood net that form paguyuban (association) that gave psychological and economical safety for Javanese. It is suitable with the Comer's (1988) opinion in which the Javanese gave positive view. In contrast, Bugis ethnic showed negative view. Aspects of business liability and the family welfare level of Javanese ethnic were better than Bugis, as well as in the demographic and socio-economical aspects. Beside that Javanese ethnic was influenced by their saving habit and the way they bought livestock, thrift and economic in lifestyle compare to the Bugis ethnic who have high consumptive lifestyle. Based on their aggressive character and behavior, the author threat Bugis ethnic to "red ant'' and Javanese ethnic to "black ant''. It is based on the stereotype that Javanese has, those are first, humble, not willing to boast; second, weak in competition; and third, able to control their anger or disappointment and avoid an open conflict.

Kata Kunci : Geografi Manusia,Migran Sirkuler,Etnis Bugis dan Jawa