Kebijakan sanksi pemidanaan dalam penyelesaian konflik pertanahan di luar kodifikasi hukum pidana

THALIB, Hambali, Promotor Prof.Dr. H. Bambang Poernomo, SH

2002 | Disertasi | S3 Ilmu Hukum

Dinamika pembangunan yang mengakibatkan kebutuhan tanah semakin meningkat dan persediaan tanah sangat terbatas menyebabkan potensi perbuatan yang merugikan atau kriminal di bidang pertanahan semakin luas sementara substansi ketentuan sanksi pidana perundang-undangan yang diatur dalam hukum pidana khususnya perundang-undangan di luar kodifikasi hukum pidana sudah tidak memadai dan tidak relevan terhadap konflik pertanahan serta kurang memberikan perlindungan hukum kepada pemilik hak atas tanah dan masyarakat pada umumnya. Berdasarkan latar belakang tersebut di atas, penelitian ini mencakup 4 (empat) permasalahan: (1) bagaimana substansi ketentuan sanksi pidana perundang-undangan di luar kodifikasi hukum pidana dalam penyelesaian konflik pertanahan? (2) apakah substansi ketentuan sanksi pidana perundang-undangan di luar kodifikasi hukum pidana telah diterapkan dalam penyelesaian konflik pertanahan dan faktor-faktor apa yang berpengaruh dominan dalam penerapan sanksi tersebut? (3) bagaimana hubungan perlindungan hukum pemilik hak atas tanah dengan penerapan sanksi pidana dalam penyelesaian konflik pertanahan di luar kodifikasi hukum pidana? dan (4) bagaimana alternatif kebijakan penyelesaian konflik di luar kodifikasi hukum pidana dari aspek hukum pidana? Analisis penelitian dilakukan dengan berpijak pada kerangka teoretis, yang meliputi: konsep kriminalisasi, konsep bekejanya hukum, konsep penegakan hukum, konsep peradilan pidana model '7nter-face'; konsep teori tujuan terpadu, dan konsep viktimologi dan penologi berdasarkan perpaduan sanksi pidana denda dengan pidana bersyarat. Kerangka teoretis sebagai acuan dalam analisis didasarkan pada landasan teoretis kemanfaatan hukum berdasarkan 'Wity theury"dari Jeremy Bentham. Penelitian dilakukan dengan menggunakan dua macam metode, yakni: metode penelitian hukum normatif (dokumentasi) dan metode penelitian hukum sosiologis (observasi). Metode dokumentasi digunakan untuk mengumpulkan data sekunder berupa bahan hukum serta hasil-hasil penelitian yang relevan, sedangkan metode observasi dilakukan untuk mengumpulkan data primer melalui wawancara dan kuesioner. Studi observasi dilakukan pada dua lokasi, yakni: Kota Makassar dan Kabupaten Luwu Provinsi Sulawesi Selatan. Data sekunder berupa dokumen dan bahan hukum serta hasil penelitian dianalisis Secara kualitatif, sementara data primer dianalisis secara kuantitatif dengan menggunakan analisis distribusi tabulasi frekuensi. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa; (1) substansi ketentuan sanksi pidana perundang-undangan di luar kodifikasi hukum pidana terhadap konflik pertanahan secara vertikal tidak sinkron terhadap undang-undang yang lebih umum tingkatannya baik berdasarkan analisis substansial maupun berdasarkan analisis normatif formal, sedangkan pada taraf horizontal terdapat kesesuaian (sinkron), (2) substansi ketentuan sanksi pidana perundang-undangan di luar kodifikasi hukum pidana sangat kurang diterapkan (tidak efektif). Adapun faktor-faktor yang berpengaruh dominan, antara lain: (a) faktor substansi hukum, (b) faktor aparat pelaksana, dan (c) faktor kesadaran hukum masyarakat, (3) kurangnya penerapan sanksi pemidanaan perundang-undangan di luar kodifikasi hukum pidana sangat berpengaruh terhadap perlindungan hukum kepada korban pemilik tanah dan masyarakat pada umumnya, dan (4) diperlukan adanya pembaruan dan pengembangan perundang-undangan yang mengatur tentang konflik pertanahan sesuai dengan kebutuhan perkembangan ilmu pengetahuan di bidang penologi dan viktimologi yang dapat mengakomodir kebijakan pertanahan berdasarkan otonomi daerah dan perlindungan hukum pemilik hak atas tanah dan masyarakat pada umumnya dengan mengacu pada konsep kerangka dan landasan teoretik kajian penelitian.

The dynamics of development which results in people's increasing need on land and the available land to be used very limited has been widely raising the potential of devastating or criminal acts in land matters. Meanwhile, the substance of penalty stipulation in the penal code particularly in the regulations besides the criminal law codification is neither sufficient nor relevant to the conflicts which have recently occurred as in land disputes, or the lack of providing legal protection toward the landowners and the public in gegeral. Based on the above background, this research comprises four questions and problems: (1) what is the substance of the penalty stipulation of the regulations other than the criminal law codification in resolving the land conflicts? (2) has the substance of the regulation penalty stipulation other than criminal law codification been applied effectively in settling the land conflicts and what factors dominantly influenced in enforcing the sanction? (3) how is the relationship between the landowner legal protection and the application of the penalty in settling the land conflicts according to the regulations other than criminal law codification? and (4) what is the alternative of the conflict settlement stipulation in the regulations other than the criminal law codifKation? Research analysis is conducted based on a theoretical framework that comprises: the concepts of criminality, law operation, law enforcement, 7nter-hce" trial criminal model, integrated objectives theory, and victimology and penology based on the integration of fine and conditional penalties. The framework used as the reference in the analysis is based on the beneficial use of law theoretical base derived from Jeremy Bentham's "Utility theory': This research is also conducted by using two kinds of methods; normative law research method (documentation) and sociological law research method (observation). The documentation method was used to gather secondary data in the form of law materials and relevant research results, while the observation method was conducted to obtain primary data through interviews and questionnaires. The observation study was performed in two locations, that is, in Makassar City and Luwu Regency, South Sulawesi Province. The secondary data in the form of documents, law materials and also the research results were analyzed with qualitative approach, while the primary data were analyzed quantitatively by using simple statistical analysis formed in frequency tabulation distribution. The result of the research reveals: (1) the substance of penalty stipulation in penal code regulations other than criminal law codification concerning land conflicts is vertically not synchronized with the higher laws on either substantialqualitative analysis or formal normativequantitative analysis, while horizontally it has a conformity (synchronized), (2) the substance of the penalty stipulation in penal code regulations other than criminal law codification has not effectively been applied yet. Whereas, the factors which are dominantly influencial are: (a) substance of law factor, (b) law enforcement executor factor, and (c) community legal awareness factor, (3) the lack of implementing the penalty of regulations other than criminal law codification badly influences the legal protection towards the landowner and the public in general, and (4) it is necessary to reform and to develop any legislation which regulates land conflicts in accordance with the developments of penology and victimology sciences which could accommodate the policies on land with the basis of local autonomy and legal protection for the landowners and all people by referring to the concept of theoretical framework and theoretical background of this research

Kata Kunci : Konflik Pertanahan,Sanksi Pemidanaan,Hukum Pidana