KEMISKINAN DAN STRATEGI PENANGGULANGANNYA MELALUI PROGRAM KEHUTANAN SOSIAL DI DAERAH ISTIMEWA YOGYAKARTA

INDAH NOVITA DEWI, Prof. Dr. Ir. San Afri Awang, M.Sc., ; Prof. Dr. Ir. Wahyu Andayani, MS ;Priyono Suryanto, S.Hut., MP., Ph.D

2017 | Disertasi | S3 Ilmu Kehutanan

Pengelolaan hutan di Indonesia mempunyai permasalahan yang semakin kompleks, salah satunya masalah kemiskinan sekitar hutan. Pendekatan kehutanan sosial menjadi salah satu andalan untuk menanggulangi kemiskinan melalui berbagai skema program seperti hutan kemasyarakatan, hutan desa, hutan tanaman rakyat, hutan adat, hutan rakyat, dan kemitraan. Skema program kehutanan sosial ini juga berkembang di Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta (DIY), di antaranya Hutan Kemasyarakatan (HKm) dan Hutan Tanaman Rakyat (HTR). Penyusunan strategi penanggulangan kemiskinan masyarakat sekitar hutan perlu dilakukan agar hutan dan kemakmuran menjadi cita-cita yang bisa diwujudkan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperoleh penjelasan tentang pendapatan, kemiskinan, dan menyusun strategi penanggulangan kemiskinan masyarakat peserta program kehutanan sosial. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di DIY, pada dua kabupaten yaitu Kabupaten Kulon Progo dan Kabupaten Gunungkidul. Pengumpulan data primer dilakukan dengan wawancara pada petani responden HKm dan HTR, maupun wawancara dengan informan. Responden yang digunakan dianggap mewakili petani kehutanan sosial di DIY, dengan membaginya menjadi lima lokus yaitu HKm Kulon Progo hutan produksi dan lindung, HKm Gunungkidul hutan produksi dan lindung, serta HTR. Data dianalisis dengan menggunakan analisis pendapatan, analisis kemiskinan, analisis gini ratio, Analytical Hierarchi Process (AHP), dan analisis natur, kultur, dan struktur. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pendapatan petani kehutanan sosial relatif rendah karena sebagian besar petani merupakan petani berlahan sempit dan berpendidikan rendah. Pendapatan tertinggi petani yang bertempat tinggal di Kabupaten Kulon Progo diperoleh dari pendapatan pertanian, sedangkan yang bertempat tinggal di Kabupaten Gunungkidul diperoleh dari pendapatan non pertanian. Pendapatan dari lahan kehutanan sosial, memberikan sumbangan pendapatan sebesar 5,8% hingga 16,7% sehingga belum berperan maksimal mengentaskan petani dari kemiskinan. Perhitungan gini ratio menunjukkan pendapatan dari lahan kehutanan sosial belum berperan maksimal dalam pemerataan pendapatan, walaupun terdistribusi cukup merata di HKm Kulon Progo dan HKm Gunungkidul hutan lindung. Karakteristik program kehutanan sosial yang diinisiasi oleh pemerintah selama ini lebih bersifat agregat, yaitu mengutamakan bantuan berupa uang atau barang. Strategi penanggulangan kemiskinan yang disusun mengutamakan bentuk kegiatan bersifat non agregat; yang mensinergikan tiga pilar yaitu natur, kultur, dan struktur. Karakteristik xiv kehutanan sosial baik di HKm mupun HTR lebih banyak mempunyai kemiripan karena status hutan dan tipologi petani yang relatif sama. Oleh karena itu, inovasi strategi penanggulangan kemiskinan dilakukan dengan mentransformasi skema agregat ke non agregat dalam kehutanan sosial. Strategi kehutanan sosial didasarkan pada status hutan yaitu produksi dan lindung. Fokus utama kegiatan di hutan lindung adalah pengembangan kepariwisataan berwawasan lingkungan dan penguatan pasar lokal; sedangkan di kawasan produksi adalah pelatihan manajerial, pelatihan teknis kehutanan, dan penguatan pasar lokal.

Forest management in Indonesia has complex problems, one of it is poverty around forest. Social forestry approach become mainstay to alleviate poverty through several shceme such as community forestry, village forest, community-based forest plantation, customary forest, people forest and forest partnership. Social forestry scheme also developed in Special Region of Yogyakarta (DIY), two of it were Community Forestry (HKm) and Communitybased Forest Plantation (HTR). Arrangement of poverty alleviation strategy for community around forest was important to be done. Good poverty alleviation strategy will make forest and prosperity become an established goal. The purposes of this research were to obtain an explanation of social forestry program participants income, to obtain an explanation of the poverty of the social forestry program participants, and to arrange strategies for alleviating poverty through social forestry program. This research implemented in DIY, in two regencies, Kulon Progo Regency and Gunungkidul Regency. Primary data collection was done by interviewing respondents HKm and HTR also informan. The respondents considered represented social forestry farmers in DIY, by divide it in to five sub population which were: Kulon Progo HKm protected and production forest; Gunungkidul HKm protected and production forest, and HTR. Data were analysed by income analysis, poverty analysis, gini ratio analysis, analysis hierarchi process (AHP), and nature-culture-structure analysis. The results showed that farmers income was low because most of farmer have limited land tenure and low education. The highest income of farmers who lived in Kulon Progo retrieved from farm income. The highest income of farmers who lived in Gunungkidul retrieved from non farm income. Income from social forestry share-land gave small contribution between 5.8% to 16.7% to total income, meant had not been able to play a role in eradicating poverty. The calculation of gini ratio showed that income from social forestry had not been able play role in income distribution, but it was distributed evenly in HKm Kulon Progo protected forest and HKm Gunungkidul protected forest. The former social forestry characteristic was done by agregat activity or focused on money and goods help. The innovation strategy had been arranged focused on non-agregat solutions (improving farmers capacity and capability), synergied three pillars nature, culture, and structure. Social forestry characteristic in HKm or HTR have similarity in forest status and same farmers typology. The innovation strategy of poverty alleviation was done by transformated agregat scheme to non-agregat. Social forestry strategy based on forest status protected and production forest. Main focus activity in protected forest were developing ecotourism based xvi conservation and local market empowerment. Main focus activity in production forest were farmer managerial training, forestry technical training, and local market empowerment.

Kata Kunci : Kehutanan sosial, kemiskinan, hutan kemasyarakatan, hutan tanaman rakyat.;Social forestry, poverty, community forestry, community-based forest plantation