Usaha penangkapan udang laut berdasarkan prinsip kelestariannya di Kalimantan Selatan

MAHYUDIN, Idiannor, Promotor Prof.Dr.Ir. Sri Widodo, MSc

2002 | Disertasi | S3 Sosial Ekonomi Pertanian, Ilmu Pertanian

Usaha penangkapan udang laut yang hanya berorientasi pada target produksi akan berdampak negatif terhadap biologi udang dan sosial ekonomi nelayan. Apaiagi penggunaan alat efektif seperti lampara dasar mini meningkat. Selain itu, jumlah alat lain dan kapal motor serta trip penangkapan cenderung meningkat. Produksi udang laut periode tahun 1975-1 997 berfluktuasi sehingga diduga telah melebihi MSY dan keuntungan nelayan tidak maksimum. Penelitian bertujuan menganalisis apakah usaha penangkapan udang laut Kalimantan Selatan sudah melebihi tingkat optimum ditinjau dari aspek biologi (MSY). Selain itu, apakah usaha penangkapan udang laut masih menguntungkan secara ekonomi (MEY), dan sosial (MScY). Metode pengambilan sampel untuk data primer menggunakan purposive sampling. Nelayan udang laut di Aluh-aluh mewakili perairan laut Kalimantan Selatan sebelah barat dan di Kotabaru sebelah timur. Di Aluhaluh dipilih 75 sampel dengan kriteria: (I)ne layan udang lampara dasar mini dan kapal mesin dumping 20-16; (2) melaut siang hari; (3) melaut malam hari; (4) armada milik sendiri dan ikut melaut; (5) dioperasikan ABK. Di Kotabaru 75 sampel dengan kriteria (1) lampara dasar dan kapal 22 - 33 PK; (2) trammei net aan kapal balapan; (3) milik sendiri dan ikut melaut; (4) dioperasikan ABK. Data sekunder meliputi data produksi udang laut, alat tangkap, trip, dan kapal motor tahun 1975-1997. Metode analisis data menggunakan analisis regresi terhadap fungsi produksi perikanan model Schaefer (1957) dan Fox (1970) untuk mendapatkan hasil dan trip maksimum biologi (MSY). Menggunakan model Gordon-Schaefer untuk analisis hasil ekonomi maksimum (MEY), dan model Panayotou ( I 982) untuk analisis hasil sosial maksimum (MScY). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa produksi dan trip usaha penangkapan udang laut di Kalimantan Selatan sudah melebihi MSY dan keuntungan yang diperoleh nelayan tidak maksimum. Namun demikian, dipandang dari sudut sosial usaha penangkapan udang laut masih dapat dilanju tkan . Perlu diiakukan pengurangan jumlah produksi, alat tangkap, dan trip, termasuk lampara dasar agar usaha penangkapan udang laut di Kalimantan Selatan terhindar dari tangkap lebih. Model kebijakan dapat berupa pengaturan dan penerapan retribusi terhadap produksi, armada penangkapan, dan trip

The sea shrimp fishing that oriented only towards the production target has somewhat negative impacts on biological aspect of the shrimps and the economic-social condition of the fishermen. Moreover, the use of effective tools such as modified trawl (lampara dasar) is increasing. Also, the number of other tools and motor ships as well as fishing trips tends to increase. The production of sea shrimp during the period of 1975-1 997 is fluctuate, so that it is predicted that the production has exceeded MSY, while the fishermen’s profit is not maxi mum . The objective of this study is to analyze whether the sea shrimp fishing in South Kalimantan has exceeded the optimum ievel viewed from biological aspect (MSY). Besides, this study also is to analyze whether the sea shrimp fishing is still economically (MSY) and socially (MScY) profitable. Purposive sampling method was used to gather primary data. Sea shrimp fishermen of Aluh-aluh represent the South Kalimantan seawater for the west region and those of Kotabaru for the east region. In Aluh-aluh, seventy-five samples were chosen based on criteria as follows: (1) shrimp fishermen using modified trawl and ship dumping machine of 20-16; (2) fishing trip at daytime; (3) fishing trip at night; (4) owner of the ship and join the fishing; (5) operated by the ship crews. In Kotabaru, there were 75 samples were chosen using different criteria, that is: (1) modified trawl and ship of 22-33 PK; (2) trammel net and race ships; (3) owner of the ship and join the fishing; (4) operated by the ship crews. To support this study it was used secondary data such as sea shrimp production, fishing tools, fishing trips, and the number of motor ship for the period 1975-1 997. Regression analysis for production fishing function of Schaefer ( I 957) and Fox (1970) was applied to get both production and maximum fishing trip biologically (MSY). Gordon-Schaefer model was applied to analyze level of maximum economic yield (MEY), and Panayotou model (1982) was used to analyze ievel of maximum social yieid (MScY). The results showed that the production and sea shrimp fishing trips in South Kalimantan had exceeded MSY, and the profit for fishermen was not maximum. However, from the social perspective, the sea shrimp fishing could be continued. In order to avoid over fishing in the seawater area of South Kalimantan, it was suggested to reduce the number of production, fishing toois, and fishing trips, inciuding the modified trawls. Therefore, the poiicy model that was implemented such as regulation and retribution for production, fishing fleet, and fishing trips

Kata Kunci : Usahatani Udang Laut,Kelestarian