THE DISTRIBUTION OF RED PALM MITE, Raoiella indica Hirst (ACARI: TENUIPALPIDAE), IN JAVA ISLAND AND ITS BIOECOLOGY

AULIA NUSANTARA, Prof. Ir. Y. Andi Trisyono, M.Sc., Ph.D.; Dr. Suputa, S.P., M.P.; Prof. Ir. Edhi Martono, M.Sc., Ph.D

2017 | Disertasi | S3 Ilmu Pertanian

Objek utama penelitian adalah tungau merah kelapa, Raoiella indica, sebagai suatu ancaman baru terhadap perkebunan kelapa di Indonesia. Penelitian dilakukan untuk mengetahui bioekologi dan sebaran tungau di Indonesia, terutama di Pulau Jawa. Rangkaian penelitian bertujuan untuk menentukan (1) status dan sebaran R. indica di Pulau Jawa, Indonesia, (2) neraca kehidupan dan biologi R. indica pada beberapa varietas kelapa; dan (3) potensi kisaran inang R. Indica. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa: (1) R. indica telah ditemukan di sejumlah lokasi di Pulau Jawa, yaitu Jakarta, Lebak, Pacitan, Banyuwangi, dan Sumenep, baik di perkebunan atau pekarangan; (2) Siklus hidup R. indica meliputi telur, larva, protonima, deutonimfa, dan imago. Kurva kesintasan R. indica tergolong dalam tipe III dengan mortalitas tertinggi pada stadium larva. Nilai parameter demografis R. indica pada daun kelapa antara lain: laju reproduksi bersih (Ro) adalah 5,13 individu per induk, laju pertumbuhan intrinsik (rm) sebesar 0,04 individu per induk per hari, dan rata-rata masa generasi (T) selama 39,87 hari. Perbedaan varietas kelapa tidak berpengaruh nyata terhadap biologi R. indica, kecuali lama perkembangan pradewasa betina. R. indica berkembang lebih cepat pada kelapa varietas salak; dan (3) R. indica memiliki kisaran inang yang luas, meliputi tanaman dari Famili Arecaceae, Zingiberaceae, Heliconiaceae, and Marantaceae. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan bahwa sembilan tanaman uji sesuai untuk perkembangan R. indica yaitu aren, palem ekor tupai, palem ekor ikan, palem poenix, palem serdang, temulawak, helikonia, dan garut. Berdasarkan uji dua pilihan dan tanpa pilihan, kelapa terbukti sebagai inang paling sesuai untuk R. indica dibandingkan tanaman uji lainnya.

The main issue of the dissertation is red palm mite, Raoiella indica, a new threat to coconut plantation in Indonesia. Researches have been conducted to understand the bioecology and distribution of this mite in Indonesia. The series of studies related to R. indica by determining (1) the current status and distribution of R. indica in Java Island, Indonesia, (2) the life table and biology of R. indica at different coconut varieties; and (3) potential host range of R. indica. The result of these studies showed that: (1) R. indica have recorded on several locations in Java Island, e.g., Jakarta, Lebak, Pacitan, Banyuwangi, and Sumenep, either in coconut plantation or yards; (2) R. indica has four active developmental stages: egg, larva, protonymph, deutonymph, and adult. The survivorship curve of R. indica belongs to type III with the highest mortality on larva stage. The demographic parameters of R. indica on coconut leaves as follows: the net reproductive rate was 5.13 offspring/individual, the intrinsic rate of natural increase was 0.04 per day, and the mean generation time was 39.87 days. The different coconut varieties did not affect significantly to biological performance of R. indica, except development time of immature females which mites had faster development on Salak Dwarf; and (3) R. indica has broad host range, including plants from Arecaceae, Zingiberaceae, Heliconiaceae, and Marantaceae family. Nine plants were suitable host for R. indica, e.g., sugar palm, foxtail palm, sunset palm, fishtail palm, silver date palm, round-leaf fountain palm, javanese turmeric, heliconia, and arrowroot. The study also showed that coconut seem to be the most suitable host for R. indica, either based on choice test or no-choice test.

Kata Kunci : biology, coconut, distribution, host range, Raoiella indica