Strategi Penghidupan Berkelanjutan Masyarakat dalam Mengatasi Kerentanan Air di DAS Pusur, Propinsi Jawa Tengah

RATHNA WIJAYANTI, Prof. Dr. M. Baiquni, M.A.; Dr. Rika Harini, MP.

2017 | Disertasi | S3 Ilmu Lingkungan

Penelitian untuk mengatasi kerentanan air dilaksanakan di DAS Pusur dengan menggunakan pendekatan penghidupan berkelanjutan. Pendekatan ini menempatkan manusia sebagai fokus utama pembangunan, mengoptimalkan potensi masyarakat, dan mewujudkan keberlanjutan penghidupan. Tujuan penelitian adalah: (1) mengidentifikasi kerentanan air dan menentukan tingkat kerentanan air; (2) menganalisis karakter masyarakat pengelola sumber daya air dan kondisi aset penghidupan masyarakat; (3) menganalisis strategi penghidupan masyarakat dalam mengatasi kerentanan air dan mengevaluasi keberlanjutan penghidupan; dan (4) menyusun skenario strategi penghidupan berkelanjutan masyarakat dalam mengatasi kerentanan air dan peningkatan penghidupan. Daerah penelitian dibagi menjadi 3 (tiga) bagian yaitu hulu, tengah, dan hilir menggunakan metode area sampling dan dipilih 3 (tiga) desa sampel menggunakan metode purposive sampling. Populasi merupakan rumah tangga petani, dengan 102 responden dipilih secara acak. Analisis yang digunakan adalah analisis kuantitatif dan kualitatif terhadap data hasil kuisioner, wawancara mendalam, hasil pengamatan, dan data sekunder. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa (1). kerentanan air pada bagian hulu adalah tidak tersedianya air, bagian tengah berupa konflik antar kelompok masyarakat dengan kelompok pengusaha serta masalah kelembagaan pengatur air, bagian hilir berupa ketidakcukupan air yang menyebabkan perebutan air antar petani, sedangkan tingkat kerentanan air yang paling tinggi ada di bagian hulu; (2). karakter masyarakat pengelola sumberdaya air cenderung conservationist (CC) pada bagian hulu, antara conservationist dan exploiter (ACE) pada bagian tengah, dan cenderung exploiter (CE) pada bagian hilir; (3). aset penghidupan tertinggi dimiliki oleh DAS bagian tengah, kemudian hulu, dan terakhir bagian hilir, sedangkan modal fisik memiliki nilai tertinggi dan modal finansial memiliki nilai terendah di semua bagian DAS; (4). strategi penghidupan masyarakat untuk a). mengatasi kerentanan air berupa tindakan reaksi di bagian hulu yaitu membiarkan lahan tidak ditanami (bero), di bagian hilir dan tengah dengan memompa air sumur maupun sungai untuk lahan pertanian, b) mengatasi kerentanan air berupa tindakan antisipasi dengan sistem agroforestry pada bagian hulu, perbaikan/pemeliharaan saluran irigasi pada bagian tengah, serta menyiapkan sumur dan pompa pada bagian hilir, c). peningkatan penghidupan berupa strategi intensifikasi/ekstensifikasi pada bagian hulu berupa agroforestry, sedangkan pada bagian tengah dan hilir menggunakan panca usaha tani, d). peningkatan penghidupan berupa strategi diversifikasi pada bagian hulu dengan cara beternak sedangkan bagian tengah dan hilir dilakukan dengan menjadi buruh/karyawan, e). peningkatan penghidupan berupa strategi migrasi dengan alasan menikah dominan untuk bagian hulu dan hilir, bagian tengah migrasi karena alasan pekerjaan, selain itu, bagian hilir juga terdapat migrasi komuter yaitu bekerja dengan cara menglajo; (5). keberlanjutan penghidupan menunjukkan bahwa bagian hulu dan tengah berlanjut (B), sedangkan hilir cukup berlanjut (CB); (6). skenario strategi penghidupan pada a). bagian hulu ditekankan pada penambahan modal finansial yang mendukung kegiatan konservasi, peningkatan ekonomi serta diversifikasi kegiatan pertanian di luar bercocok tanam, b). Skenario strategi bagian tengah berupa pengaturan air dan penegakan peraturan terkait air, c). Skenario strategi untuk bagian hilir dengan Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) oleh perusahaan Air Minum Dalam Kemasan (AMDK) dan Perusahaan Daerah Air Minum (PDAM), pengaturan pola tanam, pemilihan jenis tanaman hemat air, pembuatan sumur resapan untuk menambah suplai air tanah, pengaturan penggunaan air irigasi, dan pembuatan sumur air tanah dalam untuk pengairan.

The research on overcoming water vulnerability was conducted in Pusur sub watershed employing livelihood approach. The approach places human as the main focus of development (people centered), optimises the potential of a community (building on strengths), and create sustainable livelihood (sustainability). The objectives of the research are: (1) to identify water vulnerability and determine the level of vulnerability in Pusur watershed; (2) to analyse characters of the community who manage water resources and the condition of livelihood asset of the community; (3) to analyse the livelihood strategy of the community in overcoming water vulnerability and evaluate their livelihood sustainability; and (4) to draw up scenarios of sustainable livelihood strategy of the community in coping with water vulnerability and livelihood improvement. With the use of area sampling, the research location was divided into three, which are upper, middle and lower watershed. Three sample villages were chosen using purposive sampling method. The respondents of the research were 102 farmer households that were chosen randomly. Quantitative and qualitative methods were used for analyzing the data resulted from the questionnaires, in-depth interviews, observation and secondary data. The result of the research showed that (1). Water vulnerability was in the form of the absence of water supply in the upper area, conflicts between social groups and business owners as well as institutional problems of water management in the middle area, lack of water supply in the lower area, which led to water use conflicts among the farmers, and the highest level of water vulnerability was in the upper area; (2). The characters of the community who managed natural resources tended to be conservationist (TC) in the upper area, between conservationist and exploiter (BCE) in the middle area, and tended to be exploiter (TE) in the lower area; (3). The biggest livelihood assets were possessed by people in the middle area, followed by the upper area and the lower area while physical capital held the highest value and financial capital the lowest one in the entire areas of the watershed; (4). livelihood strategy of the community for a). coping with water vulnerability was in the form of a reactive action in the upper area, in which they left their land unplanted, whereas communities in the middle and lower areas pumped water from the wells or river for their farming land, b). coping with water vulnerability was in the form of anticipative actions by applying agroforestry system in the upper area, fixing or maintaining irrigation channels in the middle area, and preparing wells and pumps in the lower area, c). livelihood improvement was in the form of intensification and extensification strategies in the upper area was in the form of agroforestry and the green revolution in the middle and lower areas, d). livelihood improvement was in the form diversification strategy in the upper area by animal farming while in the middle and lower areas people worked as labours or employees, e). livelihood improvement in the form of migration strategy for marriage was dominant in the upper and lower areas, while people in the middle area migrated for work; in addition, there was also commuting migration in the lower area, where people commuted for work; (5). In regards to livelihood sustainability, it was found that the upper and middle areas were sustainable (S), while the lower part was fairly sustainable (FS); (6). the scenario of livelihood strategy in a). the upper area was emphasised on financial capital multiplication which supported their activities in conservation, economic improvement, and agricultural activity diversification other than crop cultivation, b). The scenario of strategy in the middle area was in the form of taking benefit of the Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) of the packaged water manufacturers and the Local Drinking Water Company, cultivation pattern, selection of water-saving crops, irrigation, making deep ground water wells for irrigation.

Kata Kunci : kerentanan, air, strategi, penghidupan, berkelanjutan