REFORMASI POLITIK DAN PEMBUATAN KEBIJAKAN DI JEPANG: STUDI KASUS KEBIJAKAN ”ANTI TERRORISM SPECIAL MEASURES LAW” MASA PERDANA MENTERI JUNICHIRO KOIZUMI TAHUN 2001

Himawan Yogieswara,

2009 | Skripsi | Ilmu Hubungan Internasional

The organization of the Japanese state from the early Cold War years precluded the revival of centralized and powerful military establishments through the system of civilian control. As a result, MOFA emerged as the primary bureaucratic actor responsible for the 'making' of Japanese national security policy. The prime minister, despite being vested by the Constitution with significant policy-making powers over the three government branches, was not able to exercise his authority due to dependence on the LDP's party politics and institutional weaknesses related to the core executive. The Cabinet was weak and ineffective as a result of frequent reshuffles. As the lack of leadership became a focal issue for Japanese politics in the 1990s, the political and executive leadership in security decision-making was strengthened as a result of the administrative reforms of the 1990s, which reduced the number of ministries. Three major institutional changes were introduced to shape the leadership of future prime ministers: the 1994 electoral system, the Diet and government reform of 1999, and Hashimoto’s administrative reform efforts, which took place in January 2001. More importantly, the reforms expanded both the prime minister's authority (by enabling him to initiate policies) and the role of the Cabinet ministers in decision-making. In September 2001 attack, Japan’s response was quick and conducted by Prime Minister Koizumi. It was seen as a sharp break from Japan’s pacifism and slow, unclear response patterns of the past. There were many factors that make Japan could response changed from slow response to quick response. First is institutional changes whish introduced in 1990s, second is personal factor of Prime minister Junichiro Koizumi who was a decisive leader and believed that bureaucratic decision-making alone would not be able to deliver in a timely manner. The third factor was public support for strong leadership. Despite the swift announcement of the Koizumi plan was strongly criticized by the opposition parties and some LDP members. However, the public support of the Koizumi Cabinet after the announcement was even stronger. Keywords: Japan, political reforms, institutional changes, strong leadership, public support

Kata Kunci : Politik Jepang