Perjuangan MAsyarakat Adat(Indigenous People) untuk Ekonomi:(Studi kasus Gerakan Zapatista di Meksiko)

Gunawan Lestari Elake, Dafri Agussalim

2017 | Tesis | Ilmu Hubungan Internasional

ABSTRACT The emergence and mobilization of indigenous people is a complex process. It involves the relations between structural dynamics and the responses of the movement’s actors toward it. The Zapatista movement in Mexico is one important example of contemporary indigenous mobilization in Latin America. Beside opposing neoliberalism and fighting for democratization of national politics, the main demand of this resistance is advocating the right of local autonomy where they can run self-autonomous governance on the basis of participatory democracy and customary tradition. Despite getting challenges and obstacles from the government, this movement on its later stage is able to relatively advance their local autonomy agenda, which manifested in: (a) San Andres Accords: Rights and Cultures of Indigenous People (1996) and (b) Unilateral Autonomy: the Councils of Good Government (2003) This research aims to explain how and why the Zapatista movement is able to relatively succeed in striving for its local autonomy agenda. There are two approaches used in this research, namely (a) concept of Indigenous People Autonomy, referring to ethical grounding on the rights and autonomy of indigenous people in ILO Convention 169 and the concept of internal selfdetermination, and, (b) Political Process Theory, associated with the combination of elements within a social movement that explains its emergence and development, mobilization of available resources, and the cognitive aspects that sustains it. Those elements are Political Opportunity, Mobilizing Structures, and Framing. While the research method used here is Qualitative method. The result of this research shows that the ability of Zapatista movement in advocating its agenda is determined by several factors, namely; (a) Political shift on global context: establishment of international regime of indigenous people rights through transnational advocacy network, that underpins and encourages for the politicization of indigenous issues, and political change at national level; crisis of PRI’s corporatism and adaptation of neoliberal policies, which then triggered the politicization of indigenous identity along with the declining of peasant identity; (b) utilizing and relying on available resources as a result of the mentioned changes: national and international civil society network, and; (c) Framing ability, linking the demand of local autonomy to problems of injustice at the national and global level, thus expanding support and solidarity. Furthermore, San Andres Accords can be regarded as an extension of political opportunity since it becomes ethical legitimacy for unilateral Zapatista’s autonomy (JBG) Keywords: Zapatista, Indigenous People, Autonomy, Political Process Theory, Neoliberalism, Civil Society, San Andres Accords, the Councils of Good Government.

Kata Kunci : Masyarakat Adat - Meksiko