Partisipasi Perempuan Dalam Pelaksanaan PNPM Mandiri-Perkotaan :(Studi Kasus di Kelurahan Jatinegara, Kecamatan Cakung, Jakarta Timur).
MARINI, Ratnawati
2013 | Tesis | Ilmu PolitikABSTRACT This study discussed women participation in the implementation of PNPM Mandiri-Urban in Special Capital City District of Jakarta, specifically Jatinegara Urban Village, Cakung Sub-District, East Jakarta. PNPM Mandiri-Urban is a government program to solve poverty in cities using empowerment as an approach to implement the program. Women are considered to have unique poverty characteristics, unlike men. Therefore women involvement in poverty alleviation programs is sought in hope that female needs will be accommodated by women. PNPM Mandiri-Urban even provides positive discrimination (affirmative action) to women to be involved in activities or to be program managers. This policy is one of the indicators of program success. However, in reality women involvement in the program is still low. Based on this background, the problem in this study was why women participation is low in the implementation of PNPM Mandiri-Urban in Special Capital City District of Jakarta. The purpose of this study was to discover factors influencing low participation, as well as seeing women involvement in every cycle in PNPM Mandiri-Urban. To answer the problem above, the author used participation theory to see women participation and theories related to factors influencing participation, which are internal factors and external factors. The method used in this study was descriptive analytic method, using in-depth interview and documentation study to find answers for the formulation of the problem. This study found that there were 3 (three) major factors influencing women participation in the implementation of PNPM Mandiri-Urban in Special Capital City District of Jakarta, and they are external factors: First, the factor of non-optimal empowering process by empowerment actors; Second, women "domestification"; and Third, little support for policy of women involvement. Non-optimal empowerment process by empowerment actors, in this case urban village facilitators (faskel), was related to faskel project and internal problems. First, technical problems often inhibited faskel’s work, e.g. the problem of late payment of salary which could go on for 3-4 months. This appeared trivial, but could impact empowerment process by faskel due to lack of “ammunition” to provide guidance since the cost of transportation is quite expensive in Jakarta. Second, shortage of faskel’s facilities in providing guidance, especially guidance to women which requires special knowledge and skills, especially in “internalizing” “feminine” values, why it’s important for women to be involved, etc. Third, rigidity of project administration. This condition made faskel prioritize administration rather than guidance because the output inspected by project management was administration output. Substance and quality were not first priority. Women domestification is related to ingrained social construct that physical works are for men, which “set aside” women naturally. The main places for women are still well, kitchen, and bed. Another factor was little policy support. This factor was related to the history of the entry of PNPM M-Urban in Special Capital City District of Jakarta. The “half-hearted” acceptance by the provincial Government of Special Capital City District of Jakarta impacted the policy on utilization of BLM PNPM M-Urban fund in Special Capital City District of Jakarta only for physical activities, there was no social and economic activities in PNPM M-Urban in Special Capital City District of Jakarta. Meanwhile in other regions, women are often involved in social and economic activities. Moreover, the affirmative action policy of PNPM M-Urban was also viewed as “not fully implemented”. For example, affirmative action didn’t apply in determining members of BKM, while this membership has very strategic functions. Keywords: Participation, Women, Empowerment, PNPM Mandiri-Urban
Kata Kunci : Politik Perempuan
