PROGRAM G TO G (GOVERNMENT TO GOVERNMENT) DALAM PENGIRIMAN TENAGA KERJA INDONESIA KE KOREA SELATAN: PERSEPEKTIF RATIONAL CHOICE
AHMAD SYIFA' RIFA'I, Dr. Nur Rachmat Yuliantoro, M.A.(IR)
2017 | Tesis | S2 Ilmu Hubungan InternasionalSebagai negara industri berkembang, Korea selatan membutuhkan tenaga kerja pada sektor 3D (dirty dangerous, difficult). Hal ini menarik minat Indonesia yang mempunyai masalah pengangguran. Pada tahun 90 an kedua negara ini mengimplementasikan kerjasama dalam pengiriman TKI melalui jalur privat (P to P). Tetapi kerjasama P to P ini menimbulkan banyak masalah bagi kedua belah pihak. Oleh karena itu kedua negara setuju untuk mengadakan kerjasama baru untuk menggulangi masalah ini. Pada tahun 2004 pengiriman TKI ke Korea Selatan diimplementasikan melaui program government to Govenrment (G to G) atau biasa disebut juga Employment Permit System (EPS). Perjanjian baru ini dibuat untuk menanggulangi masalah antara kedua belah pihak. Teori pilihan rasional akan menjelaskan mengapa kedua belah pihak menyetujui dan mengimplemetasikan kerjasama ini. Kerjasama antara pemerintah Indonesia dan Korea Selatan dalam pengiriman TKI melalui program G to G dapat terjadi karena tiga faktor: struktur ganjaran, bayangan masa depan dan jumlah aktor.
As an emerging industrial country, South Korea demands labors in the 3D (dirty, dangerous, difficult) sectors. This interest is welcomed by Indonesia which indeed has unemployment problem in the first place. Hence, since the 90s, both countries implemented a cooperation in the delivery of Indonesian Workers (TKI) through a private-to-private (P to P) platform. In the beginning, it was actually able to solve the primary economic issues in both countries. However, as time went on, it created trickle-down problems to each party. Therefore, both countries agreed to modify the cooperation�¢ï¿½ï¿½s terms and conditions. Since 2004, the delivery of Overseas Indonesian Workers was conducted through government-to-government (G to G) platform by a program called Employment Permit System (EPS). The new deal was designed with expectation that all challenges could be solved without missing the existing opportunities. It is interesting to take a close look at the attitudes of both parties in this case, since the anarchistic international situation in the post-Cold War era should not make possible for this kind of cooperation to happen. Rational Choice Theory can explain why both parties were interested in implementing the cooperation, why the cooperation was maintained and why the designated form of cooperation was opted by them. It is believed that the cooperation between Indonesia and South Korea in the delivery of Overseas Indonesian Workers through G to G platform could happen for three factors: payoff structure, shadow of future, and number of actors. Payoff structure in this case put both parties in the Stag Hunt game type, in which mutual cooperation was more profitable �¢ï¿½ï¿½ thus more preferable �¢ï¿½ï¿½ than unilateral defection. Shadow of future was designed in such a way to measure commitments and prospect of the cooperation, which could be identified by the presence of iterated play. Number of actors affected the decision of both parties to conduct the cooperation in the bilateral format instead of multilateral one, as well as emphasizing that the actors involved within were the governments instead of the private sectors.
Kata Kunci : Overseas Indonesian Workers (TKI), Indonesia, South Korea, G to G, Employment Permit System (EPS), rational choice theory, cooperation
