DISTRIBUSI SPASIAL PUSKESMAS DI KOTA BANJARMASIN

WYDA SEPTARINI, dr. Lutfan Lazuardi, M.Kes., Ph.D ; Prof. Dr. Achmad Fudholi, DEA., Apt.

2017 | Tesis | S2 Ilmu Farmasi

Puskesmas akan menjadi gerbang utama peserta JKN dalam mengakses pelayanan kesehatan. Aksesibilitas puskesmas jika ditinjau dari aspek ketersediaannya tanpa memperhitungkan luas wilayah dan jumlah penduduk yang harus dilayani dapat memberikan informasi yang tidak tepat tentang kondisi ketersediaan yang sebenarnya di lapangan. Pemetaan bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah keberadaan puskesmas sudah memenuhi kebutuhan penduduk yang ada di wilayah tersebut. Penelitian ini menggunakan software ArcGIS 10.2 yang bertujuan untuk melihat distribusi spasial serta aksesibilitas masyarakat terhadap puskesmas di Kota Banjarmasin. Metode penelitian bersifat deskriptif dengan pendekatan spasial. Sumber data primer berasal dari survey lokasi puskesmas menggunakan GPS (Global Positioning System), sedangkan data sekunder berupa peta administrasi wilayah, peta jaringan jalan, peta sungai, jumlah penduduk, jumlah apoteker serta nama dan alamat puskesmas. Analisis spasial dilakukan untuk melihat pola distribusi puskesmas serta aksesibilitasnya. Perhitungan rasio puskesmas terhadap 30.000 penduduk serta rasio Apoteker terhadap 100.000 penduduk akan dibandingkan dengan nilai standar menurut Kementerian Kesehatan. Hasil penelitian menggunakan nearest neighbor analysis menunjukkan bahwa pola distribusi puskesmas di Kota Banjarmasin adalah menyebar (dispersed) dengan nilai R 1,41. Aksesibilitas masyarakat terhadap puskesmas sebagian besar telah memenuhi standar rasio yang ditetapkan oleh Kementerian Kesehatan. Terdapat 20 puskesmas (77%) yang sesuai standar rasio dan 6 puskesmas (23%) yang tidak sesuai standar rasio. Pelayanan puskesmas telah menjangkau semua wilayah di Kota Banjarmasin pada area buffer 4 km, sedangkan untuk rasio Apoteker terhadap 100.000 penduduk di setiap kecamatan belum memenuhi ketentuan kebutuhan Apoteker menurut Kementerian Kesehatan dengan rasio terbesar yaitu 5,2 : 100.000 pada Kecamatan Banjarmasin Tengah.

Primary Health Center (in Indonesia it is called as Puskesmas) will be the main gate of National Health Insurance participant in accessing health services. The accessibility of the primary health center if it is seen from the aspect of availability regardless of large of the area and the population to be serviced might provide incorrect information about the actual condition of availability in the field. The mapping aims to determine whether the existence of the primary health center has already met the needs of the population in the region. This study uses ArcGIS 10.2 software that aims to see the spatial distribution and public accessibility to the primary health center in Banjarmasin. The research method was descriptive with the spatial approach. The sources of primary data come from a survey of primary health center location using GPS (Global Positioning System), while secondary data in the form of a region administrative map, road map, river map, population, pharmacists also the name and the address of the primary health center. Spatial analysis was used to see the distribution pattern and the accessibility of the primary health center. The calculation of the primary health center ratio against 30.000 people and the ratio of Pharmacists against 100.000 people will be compared to the standard value according to the Health Ministry. The result of the study using nearest neighbor analysis showed that the distribution pattern of primary health center in Banjarmasin is spread with R value of 1,41. People accessibility to primary health center has largely met the standard of ratio assigned by the Ministry of Health. There are 20 primary health center (77%) which are in accordance with the standard. The smallest value of the ratio is in Beruntung Raya primary health center (1 : 9.845). While, there are 6 primary health center which are not in accordance with the standard (23%). Primary health center which is not in accordance with the standard of ratio the most is Pekauman (1 : 60.877). The service of primary health center has reached all areas in Banjarmasin in the buffer area of 4 km. While, the ratio of Pharmacists against 100.000 residents in each district has not been in accordance with the need of Pharmacists required by the Ministry of Health with the largest ratio is 5,2 : 100.000 in the District of Central Banjarmasin.

Kata Kunci : distribusi spasial, ArcGIS 10.2, puskesmas, rasio Apoteker