RENTENIR DAN PEDAGANG PASAR TRADISIONAL DI PANTURA STUDI TERHADAP RELASI SOSIAL EKONOMI ANTAR-AKTOR

TRI L. PUSPITANINGRUM, Dr. Anak Agung Gde Ngurah Ari Dwipayana, S.I.P., M.Si.

2013 | Skripsi |

Pasar tradisional merupakan sektor penting bagi bergeraknya roda perekonomian di suatu daerah. Semua pasar tradisional di Pantura terletak di ibukota kecamatan dan terhubung dengan jalur pantura. Jalur Pantura merupakan akses penting bagi perekonomian, pergerakan orang, barang dan jasa. Pasar tradisional bagaikan sumber mata air pendapatan bagi pemerintah daerah karena tak henti-hentinya terus mengalir. Pasar tradisional menjadi arena bagi berbagai aktor dengan berbagai kepentingannya. Sebuah arena dimana semua orang dapat mengaksesnya. Pasar tradisional saat ini tidak lagi sebatas tempat bertemunya penjual dan pembeli, namun ada relasi sosial-ekonomi di dalamnya yang perlu dikaji lebih dalam. Maraknya praktek rentenir di pasar tradisional menggempur para pedagang dalam penyediaan modal. Bagi pedagang yang kepepet modal, rentenir merupakan salah satu alternatif pembiayaan yang mudah bagi pedagang. Dominasi etnis tertentu memainkan peranan dalam penguasaan modal dan perputaran uang di pasar tradisional di Pantura. Penelitian ini merupakan studi mengenai bagaimana relasi kekuasaan antara rentenir dengan pedagang pasar tradisional di Pantura Kabupaten Brebes. Terdapat sembilan lokasi pasar tradisional. Penelitian ini terfokus pada kajian relasi kekuasaan pada sektor sosial-ekonomi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui karakteristik pasar tradisional dan pemetaan aktor-aktor yang ada di pasar tradisional. Selain itu, penelitian ini juga berusaha memaparkan pola relasi kekuasan yang terbangun antara pedagang pasar tradisional dengan rentenir sebagai aktor institusi finansial informal di pasar tradisional. Studi ini menggunakan konsep: interdependensi aktor, informal trust, dan institusi informal pada sektor ekonomi. Penelitian ini termasuk penelitian kualitatif, metode studi kasus dengan desain multikasus holistik. Pemilihan informan menggunakan purposive sampling dan informan bergerak mengikuti prinsip snow ball effect. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa rentenir dan pedagang pasar berdasarkan daerah asalnya memiliki perbedaan sebagai penduduk, antara pendatang dengan pribumi. Mereka mempunyai klaim tersendiri atas profesi dan asal kedaerahan. Keduanya berkolaborasi di pasar tradisional membentuk relasi interdependen antaraktor informal. Relasi ini melibatkan dua domain aktor (rentenir dan pedagang pasar) pada satu arena, yaitu pasar tradisonal. Semakin besar pendapatan retribusi di suatu pasar, maka semakin ramai pasar, semakin banyak pedagang dan juga semakin banyak rentenir, begitu pula sebaliknya dimana jumlah retribusi pasar berbanding lurus dengan tingkat keramaian, jumlah pedagang dan rentenir yang ada di suatu pasar. Informal trust muncul pada kedua aktor karena institusi formal tidak mampu memberikan kemudahan bagi pedagang dalam mengakses modal. Walaupun rentenir menetapkan suku bunga yang cukup tinggi akan tetapi, kemudahan yang diberikan menjadikannya tetap eksis dan selalu dicari oleh nasabah dan calon nasabahnya. Keberadaan rentenir yang notabene berasal dari suku Batak, tidak mendapatkan perlawanan dari penduduk pribumi yang notabene Jawa. Hanya saja, penduduk pribumi menyebut mereka dengan gamblang, "Batak". Stereotipe dari penduduk asli terhadap warga pendatang pun melekat akibat dari akumulasi peran dan perilaku negatifnya

Traditional market is an important sector to roll economic wheel in a region. Mostly traditional market in the North Beach of Java Island is located in district and connected with Pantura Road. The Pantura Road is significant access for economic matters, people movement, goods and services. The traditional market is like wellspring income source for local government because it never stops will be flowing. It becomes an arena when many people are able to access it. Nowadays, it is no more than a place to meet up between seller and buyer, nevertheless there are relations within social economic which is needed in-depth study. Rising number of creditors practice at traditional market demolishes tradesfolks in provision of capital. For the tradesfolks who are trapped in capital, creditors are one of alternative finances which are easy for them. Dominating specific ethnic having role-playing in the capital power and cycle of money at the traditional market is in the North Beach of Java Island. This research is conducted about how relation of power between the creditors and the tradesfolks of the traditional market in the North Beach of Java Island, Brebes Regency. There are nine locations of traditional markets. It had focused on study of power relation in social-economic sector. It has aimed to know characteristic of traditional markets and mapping the actors who attend in it. Moreover, this research also is affordable to explain power relation pattern that had built among tradesfolks of the traditional markets with the creditors as financially informal institution actors in the traditional market. This research utilizes concept that it consists of interdependence of actor, informal trust and institution in economical sector. This research includes in qualitative research methods, particularly applied case study with multiple case and holistic designs. Choosing informan used purposive sampling and movement informan followed principal of snow ball effect. The result of this reseach depicted that the creditors and the tradesfolks of traditional market based on their address of origin obtained distinction as resident, between new comers and inlanders. They had a claim themselves on their proficient and residential origin. Both of them had been colaborated at the traditional market shaped interdependence ralation in inter informal actors. This relation was involving two domain actors (the creditors and the tradesfolks) at one arena, namely the traditional market. Furthermore, if income is bigger than retribution at the market, so it is caused a crowded market, there are progressively tradesfolks and also increasingly the amount of the creditors, vice versa when the number of market retribution directly proportional with crowded level, the quantity of the tradesfolks and the creditors at a market. Informal trust emerges from both of actors due to the fact that formal institution could not provide simplicity for the tradesfolks in this case to access the capital. Although, the creditors firm up interest rate which was quite high, but the simplicity that has been providing made its existence and always looked for by client and the client candidate. Presence of the creditors whose outright comes from Batak tribe, could not achieve resistance from indigenous people who is Java tribe. It is just they clearly called out them with "Batak". Stereotype from them forward newcomer even adhere from the impact of role accumulation and negative behaviours.

Kata Kunci : aktor informal, pedagang pasar tradisional, rentenir, relasi kekuasaan, informal actors, the tradesfolks of the traditional market, the creditors, power relation