INCOMMENSURABILITY THOMAS SAMUEL KUHN DALAM PERSPEKTIF RELATIVISME DAN RELEVANSINYA BAGI PENGEMBANGAN ILMU DI INDONESIA

SONJORURI BUDIANI TRISAKTI, Prof. Dr. Koento Wibisono S; Dr. Rizal Mustansyir

2017 | Disertasi | S3 Ilmu Filsafat

Ilmu dalam perkembangannya tidak selalu bersifat kumulatif. Kuhn membahas perkembangan ilmu dalam periode normal science dan scientific revolution. Pada fase scientific revolution perkembangan ilmu menandakan adanya incommensurability antara dua teori rival dalam paradigma yang berbeda. Perdebatan tentang incommensurability membawa diskusi tentang relativime dalam ilmu. Melalui karya Kuhn tentang incommensurability, penelitian ini akan menelaah lebih lanjut perdebatan tersebut dengan pisau analisis persoalan filsafat ilmu khususnya berkaitan dengan problem yang muncul dari relativisme yang berkembang di dunia ilmu. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian pustaka tetang pemikiran incommensurability Thomas Samuel Kuhn yang dianalisis secara kritis dari perspektif relativisme dalam memandang ilmu. Unsur metodis utama yang dipergunakan dalam penelitian ini meliputi: interpretasi dan kesinambugan historis. Scientific revolution dalam progresivitas ilmu menurut Kuhn mengakibatkan incommensurability antara dua paradigma rival. Tidak ada ukuran yang bersifat umum untuk membandingkan keduanya. Teori-teori ilmu yang dicapai dalam kegiatan ilmu dengan orientasi incommensurability dapat dikatakan sebagai objektif, rasional dan bahkan benar namun tanpa menafikkan keberadaan paradigma. Realitas pengembangan ilmu yang mempertimbangkan incommensurability dapat menjadi dasar pengembangan ilmu yang berakar pada budaya di Indonesia yang berisi potensi-potensi indigenous science yang dapat dikembangkan menjadi pengatahuan ilmiah yang objektif dan rasional.

Development of science is not always characterized by a cumulative progress. Kuhn described the development of science in the periods of normal science and scientific revolutions. In the period of scientific revolutions, the development of science indicate the presence of incommensurability between two rival theories in different paradigms. The debate about incommensurability leads to a discussion of relativism in science. Through Kuhn's work on incommensurability, this research will further examine such a debate according to the analysis of issues related to philosophy of science, especially with regard to problems arising from relativism in science. This is library research examining the incommensurability theory proposed by Thomas Samuel Kuhn which was analyzed critically from the perspective of relativism in viewing science. The main methodical elements used in this research consisted of: interpretation and historical continuity. According to Kuhn, scientific revolutions in progressiveness of science will result in incommensurability between two rival paradigms. There is no common measurement to compare these two rival paradigms. Scientific theories generated by scientific activities which orientate themselves towards incommensurability are deemed objective, rational, even true, but without denying the existence of paradigms. The realities of science development which take incommensurability into account can serve as the basis for the development of science stemming from the culture of Indonesia that contains the potential of indigenous sciences that can be developed into objective and rational scientific knowledge.

Kata Kunci : relativism, incommensurability, paradigm