TINJAUAN HUKUM TENTANG GANTI RUGI PERDATA TERHADAP PELANGGARAN MEREK DI INDONESIA

HARAPAN , Irna Nurhayati, S.H., M.Hum., LL.M

2017 | Tesis | S2 ILMU HUKUM JAKARTA

Merek adalah rezim HKI yang sering dilanggar oleh orang-orang yang tidak bertanggung jawab, seperti pemalsuan terhadap Merek. Terhadap pelaku pelanggaran merek terdaftar, pemilik merek dapat mengajukan gugatan ganti rugi perdata berdasarkan Undang-undang No.15 Tahun 2001 tentang Merek (�UU Merek�), pada Pasal 76 Ayat (1) huruf b. Akan tetapi tidak diatur secara jelas dalam UU Merek tersebut, bagaimana menghitung kerugian dan menentukan ganti rugi sebagai akibat dari pelanggaran merek. Dalam praktiknya, hakim melakukan analogi pelanggaran merek merupakan perbuatan melawan hukum sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Perdata (KUH Per). Sifat penelitian ini adalah penelitian yuridis normatif, yaitu penelitian terhadap asas-asas hukum, sistematika hukum, taraf sinkronisasi hukum dan penelitian terhadap sejarah hukum, yang dilakukan melalui pendekatan undang-undang dan beberapa putusan hakim terkait dengan pelanggaran merek. Dalam mengumpulkan bahan-bahan penelitian, peneliti mengkaji dan meneliti bahan hukum sekunder dengan dukungan bahan hukum primer selain kajian bahan non-hukum. Adapun hasil penelitian penulis bahwa penggunaan UU Merek belum efektif dalam menuntut ganti rugi atas pelanggaran merek oleh karena beberapa faktor, antara lain: (1) kesulitan membuktikan pelanggaran merek, (2) pemilik merek belum mengenal teori kerugian sebagai dasar perhitungan ganti rugi, dan (3) sebagian hakim masih menggunakan Pasal 1365 KUH Per dan mengkategorikan pelanggaran merek sebagai perbuatan melawan hukum. Berdasarkan analisis beberapa putusan terdapat beberapa pertimbangan hakim dalam memutus ganti rugi pelanggaran pelanggaran merek, antara lain: (1) permohonan ganti rugi ditolak karena tidak terbukti adanya pelanggaran merek, (2) permohonan ganti rugi ditolak karena seharusnya ganti rugi dihitung sejak sertifikat merek diterbitkan, (3) hakim menolak ganti rugi materiil karena tidak diperinci, dan (4) hakim mengabulkan sebagian ganti rugi materiil dan immateriil karena terbukti tergugat telah melakukan pelanggaran merek.

Trademark is an IPR regime that is often violated by people who are not responsible, such as counterfeiting of the trademark. The trademark owner can apply a civil claim for compensation against the perpetrator of violation of the registered trademark, pursuant to the Law 15 of 2001 on Trademark, in Article 76 Paragraph (1) letter b (�Trademark Law�). It is not expressly provided in the Trademark Law how to calculate losses and determine a compensation as a result of trademark infringement. In practice, the judge did an analogy that trademark infringement is a tort referred to in Indonesian Civil Code (�KUH Per�). The nature of this research is normative juridical, i.e. a study on legal principles, systematic of law, the degree of synchronization of law and the investigation of the history of law, which is done through legislation and some of the judge's decision related to the trademark infringement. In gathering of the material research, the researcher examined and researched through secondary legal material with the support of primary legal material besides the study of non-legal material. The result of this study are the use of Trademark Law is still not effective yet to claim the damage on trademark infringement cause of several factors, among others: (1) the difficulty to prove a trademark infringement, (2) the owner of trademark don�t know the loss theory as the basis for calculating a loss compensation, and (3) the majority of judges are still using Article 1365 KUH Per and categorize a trademark infringement as an unlawful act. Based on analysis of several decisions, there are some consideration from judge to decide the damage on trademark infringement, among others: (1) among others : (1) claim for loss is rejected Because there is no trademark infringement, (2) claim for loss is rejected because the loss is calculated since the trademark certificate is issued, (3) claim for material loss is rejected because the plaintiff didn�t explain the material loss in detail, and ( 4) claim for material and immaterial loss is granted because there is an trade infringement.

Kata Kunci : HKI, pelanggaran merek, ganti rugi perdata, perbuatan melawan hukum/ IPR, trademark infringement, civil damages, unlawful act