OPTIMALISASI KINERJA SAPI BALI JANTAN PADA PENGGEMUKAN DI PETERNAKAN RAKYAT MELALUI PERBAIKAN PAKAN DENGAN KANDUNGAN PROTEIN DAN ENERGI BERBEDA

PAULUS KLAU TAHUK, Prof. Dr. Ir. Endang Baliarti, SU

2017 | Disertasi | S3 Ilmu Peternakan

Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengkaji karakteristik peternak, komposisi botani, kualitas pakan, dan kinerja Sapi Bali jantan pada pemeliharaan di musim berbeda; mengkaji pengaruh penggunaan level protein dan energi ransum berbeda terhadap parameter fermentasi rumen in vitro; serta mengkaji dampak penggunaan level protein pakan berbeda terhadap konsumsi dan kecernaan pakan, keseimbangan nitrogen, sintesis protein mikrobia, kadar glukosa dan urea darah, kinerja pertumbuhan serta produksi karkas dan kualitas daging Sapi Bali jantan pada penggemukan di peternakan rakyat. Kelompok tani dipilih secara purposive sampling dengan kriteria sedang melaksanakan aktivitas penggemukan ternak dalam setahun terakhir dengan jumlah anggota kelompok yang terlibat 53 orang. Data karakteristik peternak dan pola pemeliharaan ternak diamati pada Bulan Januari - Maret untuk musim hujan, dan Bulan Juni - Agustus untuk musim kemarau melalui wawancara terstruktur dan pengamatan lapangan. Data komposisi botani dan kualitas pakan termasuk kecernaan in vitro pada musim berbeda diperoleh melalui pengukuran lapangan dan analisis laboratorium. Ternak yang digunakan pada pengamatan awal musim hujan sebanyak 50 ekor, berumur 1,5 - 4,0 tahun dan memiliki bobot badan awal 188,03±31,85 kg, dan 35 ekor pada musim kemarau berumur 2 - 4,5 tahun, dengan bobot badan awal 261,80±38,46 kg. Pengamatan in vivo menggunakan 18 ekor Sapi Bali jantan umur 2 - 2,5 tahun dengan bobot badan awal 229,86±12,46 kg. Ransum untuk pengujian in vitro tersusun dari rumput lapangan, gamal, jagung giling dan dedak padi. Susunan ransum kelompok adalah T1 : protein standar dan energi standar/PS-ES (PK 12,06%, TDN 62,56%; T2 : protein standar dan energi tinggi/PS-ET (PK 10,14%, TDN 65,66%); T3 : protein tinggi dan energi standar/PT-ES (PK 14,79%, TDN 63,66%); dan kelompok T4 : protein tinggi dan energi tinggi/PT-ET (PK 13,04%, TDN 67,48%). Pada pengamatan in vivo, pakan untuk kelompok T0 sebagai kontrol bervariasi sesuai kebiasaan tradisional peternak pada penggemukan ternak, sedangkan ransum kelompok T1 dan T2 merupakan ransum terbaik dari penelitian in vitro dengan PK dan TDN masing-masing T1 (PK 12% dan TDN 72%), dan T2 (PK 15% dan TDN 72%). Data dianalisis secara deskriptif untuk karakteristik peternak, komposisi botani, kandungan nutrien dan kecernaan pakan; sedangkan konsumsi pakan dan kinerja pertumbuhan ternak pada musim hujan dan kemarau dianalisis dengan Uji T. Parameter fermentasi rumen in vitro, serta variabel pada pengamatan in vivo dianalisis menggunakan analisis sidik ragam pola searah. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa 98% peternak berumur produktif dengan kisaran 30 - 64 tahun, tingkat pendidikan didominasi oleh tidak pernah sekolah dan SD, dengan pengalaman sebagian besar lebih dari 14 tahun. Motivasi dan tujuan utama dari beternak adalah untuk memenuhi kebutuhan pokok keluarga, dengan jenis usaha sampingan. Tenaga kerja yang digunakan merupakan tenaga kerja keluarga, dengan curahan waktu untuk pemeliharaan ternak selama 2 - 3 jam/hari. Sistem pemberian pakan cut and carry, jumlah pemberian pakan 3 kali sehari dengan jenis pakan bervariasi. Lama waktu penggemukan mencapai 7 - 9 bulan dengan umur bakalan penggemukan bervariasi <1 - 4 tahun. Bahan pakan yang penggunaannya dominan pada musim hujan dan kemarau masing-masing adalah lamtoro (Leucaena leucocephala) 56,00 vs 33,14%, jerami jagung (Zea mays) 18,44 vs 0%, rumput lapangan 13,04 vs 22,25% dan gamal (Gliricidia sepium)1,36 vs 29,69%. Kandungan nutrien dan kecernaan hijauan pada musim hujan lebih tinggi dari musim kemarau. Tingginya kualitas pakan pada musim hujan berdampak pula pada kinerja ternak yang lebih tinggi (P<0,05) dibandingkan musim kemarau. Hasil uji ransum secara in vitro diperoleh derajat keasaman (pH) T1 - T4 berbeda tidak nyata. Kecernaan bahan kering (KcBK) dan bahan organik (KcBO) ransum T2 dan T4 lebih tinggi (P<0,05) dari ransum T1 dan T3; demikian pula rasio asetat dan propionat kedua perlakuan lebih rendah (P<0,05) dari T1 dan T3. Total VFA dan asam propionat ransum T2, T3 dan T4 relatif sama dan lebih tinggi (P<0,05) dari T1. Produksi asam asetat ransum T3 dan T2, serta T2 dan T4 relatif sama, dan lebih tinggi (P<0,05) dari T1. Produksi asam butirat ransum T4 lebih tinggi (P<0,05) dari T1 dan T3, namun relatif sama dengan T2; sebaliknya T1, T2, dan T3 memiliki asam butirat relatif sama. Produksi amonia (N-NH3) ransum T3 dan T4 relatif sama, dan lebih tinggi (P<0,05) dari T2 dan T1, demikian pula kandungan N-NH3 T2 lebih tinggi (P<0,05) dari T1. Sintesis protein mikrobia T1 lebih tinggi (P<0,05) bila dibandingkan ransum T2, T3, dan T4, demikian pula T2 dan T4 relatif sama, dan lebih tinggi (P<0,05) dari T3. Hasil pengamatan in vivo menunjukkan konsumsi pakan Sapi Bali jantan yang memperoleh ransum T1 lebih tinggi (P<0,05) dari kelompok T2 dan T0. Kecernaan pakan dan keseimbangan nitrogen kelompok T1 dan T2 relatif sama dan lebih tinggi (P<0,05) dari kelompok T0; sedangkan sintesis protein mikrobia ketiga kelompok ternak berbeda tidak nyata. Pertambahan bobot badan harian (PBBH) kelompok T1 lebih tinggi (P<0,05) dari T2 dan T0; sebaliknya, rasio konversi pakan relatif sama di antara kelompok perlakuan. Secara kuantitas, produksi karkas dan kualitas daging T1 dan T2 lebih tinggi dari T0, kecuali persentase daging, bobot dan persentase tulang, rasio daging dan tulang, pH daging serta daya ikat air tidak berbeda di antara kelompok perlakuan. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa karakteristik peternak dilihat dari tingkat pendidikan masih menjadi faktor pembatas dalam perbaikan tatalaksana penggemukan Sapi Bali di peternakan rakyat. Kualitas pakan musim hujan lebih baik yang berdampak pada kinerja ternak lebih tinggi dibanding musim kemarau. Ketersediaan protein melimpah pada kedua musim, namun energi tidak cukup tersedia sehingga perlu diperhatikan kecukupannya guna menjamin kinerja ternak. Ransum pada level protein standar dan energi tinggi, serta protein tinggi dan energi tinggi secara in vitro memiliki kecernaan pakan lebih tinggi serta rasio asetat-propionat yang sempit sehingga berpotensi meningkatkan kinerja ternak bila digunakan pada penggemukan. Aplikasi kedua ransum ini di peternakan rakyat memperlihatkan bahwa ransum level protein standar dan energi tinggi dapat meningkatkan konsumsi pakan, PBBH, serta keempukan daging Sapi Bali jantan; sedangkan kecernaan pakan, keseimbangan N, serta glukosa dan urea darah, serta konversi pakan, feed cost per gain, produksi karkas, dan kualitas daging relatif sama dengan ransum pada level protein tinggi dan energi tinggi.

The objective of the research was to determine the characteristics of farmers, botanical composition, forage quality, and performance of male Bali cattle maintenance in different seasons; examines the in vitro rumen fermentation parameters based on different protein and energy ration; as well as examines the impact of improved feed intake and digestibility of the feed, the balanced nitrogen, microbial protein synthesis, glucose and blood urea, the growth performance and the production of carcass and meat quality of male Bali Cattle fattening in smallholder farms. Farmer group Selection was conducted by using purposive sampling with criteria of was currently implementing fattening activities in the last year with the number of members of the group involved were 53 people. Farmers characteristics data and raising patterns during the rainy season in January to March, and the dry season in June to August were obtained by structured interviews and field observations. Botanical composition and quality of feed including in vitro obtained through field measurements and laboratory analysis. The cattle used in the initial observations of the rainy season was 57 heads aged 1.5 to 4.0 years with initial body weight of 188.03 ± 31.85, and 30 head in the dry season aged 2 to 4.5 years, with initial body weight of 261.80 ± 38.46 kg. In vivo treatment with different feed protein level was used for18 male Bali cattle aged 2 to 2.5 years with initial body weight of 229.86 ± 12.46 kg. Feed formulation for the analysis of in vitro was composed by native grass, Gliricidia sepium, corn meal and rice bran, with the composition of the ration treatment T1: standard protein and standard energy/SP-SE (12,06% CP, 62,56% TDN); T2: standard protein and high energy/SP-HE (10,14% CP, 65,66% TDN); T3: high protein and standard energy/HP-SE (14,79% CP, 63,66% TDN); and T4 treatment: high protein and high energy/HP-HE (13,04% CP, 67,48% TDN). In vivo observations was conducted with traditional feed practices of cattle fattening in smallholder farms (T0) as a control, and two best rations from each in vitro studies T1 (12% CP and 72% TDN), and T2 (CP 15% and TDN 72%). Data were analyzed descriptively for farmers characteristics, botanical nutrient content composition and digestibility of the feed, while feed intake and growth performance of the cattle during the rainy and dry season was tested by using T-test. Parameters of in vitro rumen fermentation and the in vivo treatment of cattle fattening were analyzed by using one way analysis of varians. The results showed that 98% of farmers productive aged, with a range 30 - 64 years. The level of education of farmers was dominated by uneducated and primary schools, with experience of more than 14 years. Motivation and the main purpose is to raise cattle to meet the basic needs of the family, with the type of efforts of is a sideline. In addition, the labor used is family labor, with outpouring of livestock raising time for 2 - 3 hours/day. The feeding system was cut-and-carry and 3 times a day with the varied types of feed. The fattening period was 7 - 9 months with calves of <1 - 4 years. The dominant use of feedstuffs for fattening the rainy season and dry season was lamtoro (Leucaena leucocephala) 56.00 vs 33,14%, corn straw (Zea mays) 18.44 vs 0%, and native grass 13.04 vs 22,25%, gamal (Gliricidia sepium) 1,36 vs 29.69%. The nutrient content and digestibility of forage in the rainy season is higher than the dry season. The high of feed quality during the rainy season to impact the performance of cattle higher (P<0.05) compared to the dry season. Feed intake and performance of cattle in the rainy season was higher when compared to the dry season (P<0.05). The protein requirement in the rainy and dry seasons is met, but the energy requirement/total digestible nutrient (TDN) was insufficient for the cattle. The In vitro digestibility of dry matter (DMD) and organic matter (OMD) for ration T2 and T4 was higher (P <0.05) than treatments T1 and T3; as well as acetate and propionate ratio of the two treatments was lower (P <0.05) than T1 and T3. Production of ammonia (N-NH3) T3 and T4 and was higher (P<0.05) from T2 and T1. Similarly, T2 was higher (P<0.05) than T1. Total VFA and propionic acid of T2, T3 and T4 was relatively equal and was higher (P <0.05) than T1. Production of acetic acid of T3 and T2, T2 and T4 were relatively equal and higher (P <0.05) than T1. Butyric acid production of T4 was higher (P <0.05) than T1 and T3, but relatively equal to T2; otherwise, T1, T2, and T3 have the relatively same butyric acid. The T1 microbial protein synthesis was higher (P<0.05) than T2, T3, and T4, T2 and T4 was relatively equal and were higher (P<0.05) than T3. The In vivo observations showed feed intake of male Bali Cattle in T1 was higher (P<0.05) than T2 and T0 rations. In contrast, feed digestibility and nitrogen balance of T1 and T2 treatment were higher than T0 (P <0.05), while the microbial protein synthesis of the three treatment did not differ (P>0.05). Daily body weight gain of group T1 treatment was higher (P<0.05), except the feed conversion ratio (FCR) that were relatively the same. In quantity, carcass production of and meat quality of T1 and T2 higher than the control treatment, except percentages of meat, weight, and percentage of bone, meat and bone ratio, pH and water holding a capacity of meat did not differ among treatments. It can be concluded that the farmers characteristics viewed from educational level were still a limiting factor in the improvement in the management of male Bali Cattle fattening in smallholder farms. Adequacy of feed was still a problem because there was an imbalance of protein and energy availability during the dry and rainy season. Meeting the needs of animal protein was not an issue in smallholder farms because the amount is abundant. While the energy requirements needed to be considered to ensure the livestock performance both during the dry or rainy season. Formulations of standard protein and high energy, as well as high protein and high energy in vitro, had a high feed digestibility and narrow of acetate-propionate ratio. Thereby, it potentially improved the performance when was used in cattle fattening. The application of this two ration in smallholder farms showed that the ration formulation of protein standards and high energy can be improve feed intake, growth performance, and meat tenderness of male Bali Cattle fattening; while the feed digestibility, N balance, blood glucose and urea, feed conversion ratio, feed cost per gain, carcass production and meat quality relatively similar to the ration at the level of high protein and high energy.

Kata Kunci : Kualitas pakan, In vitro, Penggemukan, Sapi Bali, Kinerja pertumbuhan, Produksi karkas, Kualitas daging; Feed quality, In vitro, Fattening, Bali Cattle, Growth performance, Carcass production, Meat quality