SANAD, RIWAYAT, DAN THARAQ: TRADISI QIRA`AT AL-QUR`AN DI INDONESIA

ITA RAHMANIA KUSUMAWATI, Prof.Dr.Heddy Shri Ahimsa-Putra,M.A.,M.Phil;Dr.Phil.Sahiron Syamsuddin,M.A

2017 | Disertasi | S3 Sastra/Kajian Timur Tengah

Disertasi ini membahas tentang Pelestarian Kajian Qira`at al-Qur`an di Indonesia. Tujuan yang ingin dicapai dari penelitian ini adalah untuk: (1) mendeskripsikan pengetahuan tentang sejarah kodifikasi (tadwin) keilmuan qira`at sejak masa pertumbuhan, perkembangan, penyebaran, penghimpunan, pembukuan, pembakuan, dan implikasi dari pembakuan kaidah qira`at mutawatirah dan (2) mendeskripsikan berbagai upaya pelestarian kajian Qira`at al-Qur`an di Indonesia. Dengan metode kualitatif, penelitian dilaksanakan dengan metode pustaka, observasi partisipatif, dan wawancara mendalam. Analisis data penelitian dilakukan dengan menerapkan teknik analisis data Etnografi (analisis domain, taksonomi, komponen, dan tipologi budaya) dengan siklus maju bertahap (grand tour observation), dengan menggunakan cara pandang insider. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa proses kodifikasi (tadwin) keilmuan al-Qira`at al- Mutawatirah berlangsung dalam dua periode besar, yaitu (1) periode periwayatan qira`at syafahiyyah dan (2) periode kodifikasi (tadwin) Qira`ah Sabah dan Qira`ah Asyarah yang berimplikasi terhadap terbentuknya metode jamu al-qir`at, tahqiq terhadap manuskrip-manuskrip qira`at, kemunculan karya tokoh-tokoh qira`at modern, dan bertumbuhnya kajian-kajian qira`at di sejumlah institusi pendidikan tinggi di seluruh dunia. Pertumbuhan dan pelestarian kajian qira`at di Indonesia dimulai dari ditemukannya beberapa mushaf kuno bertuliskan Qira`at Nafi` riwayat Qalun dan dikembangkannya sanad qira`at oleh para pioneer qira`at. Thariq al- Qira`at yang digunakan di Indonesia adalah tharaq al-Syathibiyyah untuk Qira`at Sabah berdasarkan pada jalur periwayatan dalam kitab Hirzul-Amaani dengan Syaikh al-Qira`at Ubaid bin al-Shabbah dan tharq al-Thayyibah untuk Qira`at Asyarah berdasarkan pada jalur periwayatan dalam kitab Thayyibat al-Nasyri dengan Syaikh al-Qira`at Ubaid bin al-Shabbah dan Amr bin al-Shabbah. Kajian Qira`at al-Qur`an bertumbuh di pesantren-pesantren takhashsush, perguruan tinggi keilmuan Al-Qur`an, dan di halaqah-halaqah pengkaji Qira`at al-Qur`an. Ada empat karakteristik muqri` Qira`at al-Qur`an yang terrekam dalam disertasi ini, yaitu tentang: (1) cara mengkaji dan mendapatkan sanad qira`at; (2) membina dan mengasuh kajian Qira`at al-Qur`an; (3) afiliasi kepakaran sebagai muqri` dan; (4) harapan muqri` terhadap masa depan kajian Qira`at di Indonesia. Pelestarian kajian Qira`at al-Qur`an turut didukung oleh Negara melalui peran LPMQ dan LPTQ, dan swasta melalui peran JQH.

This dissertation talks about The Preservation of Study Qira`at al-Qur`an in Indonesia. The purposes of this study are: (1) to describe the science about codification (tadwin) of Qira`at science since the period of the growth, the spread, the collection, the bookkeeping, the standardisation, and its implication on the rules of al-qira`at al-mutawatirah and (2) to describe the efforts of the preservation of mudarasah on Qira`at al-Qur`an in Indonesia. By using qualitative method and ethnograpy, the research done with library methods, participative observation, and indepth interview. The observation of data analysis done with implementing Ethnographis techniques such as domain analysis, taxonomy analysis, componential analysis, and cultural typology with advanced cycle stage (grand tour observation), based on insiders points of view. The result of the research shows that the process of codification (tadwin) of al-Qira`at al-Mutawatirah lasts in the big two periods, namely: (1) the period of transmission of qira`at syafahiyyah and (2) the period of the codification (tadwin) of Qira`ah Sabah dan Qira`ah Asyarah that implies to the existence of jamu al-qira`at, tahqiq towards al-qira`at manuscripts, the rise of the works of modern qira`at experts, and the growth of qira`at studies in a lot of high education over the world. The growth and the preservation of study (mudarasah) of al-qira`at in Indonesia starts from the existence of some old mushaf written in Qira`at Nafi riwayah Qalun and spreaded by sanad qira`at by the pioneers of qira`at. Thariq al-Qira`at used in Indonesia is tharaq al-Syathibiyyah for Qira`at Sabah based on the track of transmission from kitab Hirzul-Amani with Syaikh al-Qira`at Ubaid bin al-Shabbah and tharaq al- Thayyibah for Qira`at Asyarah based on the track of transmission from kitab Thayyibat al-Nasyri with Syaikh al-Qira`at Ubaid bin al-Shabbah and Amr bin al-Shabbah. The study (mudarasah) of Qira'at al-Qur`an grows in pesantren takhashsush, the institute of science of al-Qur`an, and in the halaqats of Qira`at al- Qur`an. Four characteristics of muqri Qira`at al-Qur`an are written in this dissertation, namely: (1) to know the way to study qira`at al-Qur`an and to get the sanad; (2) to build and preserve the study of qira`at al-Qur`an; (3) to afiliate the expertise as muqri`, and: (4) to get the hope towards the study of Qira`at al-Qur`an in Indonesia for the future. Last, the preservation of study on Qira`at al-Qur`an have been suppoted by the government through the role of LPMQ dan LPTQ, dan the non-government (private) through the role of JQH.

Kata Kunci : al-qira`at, codification (tadwin), mudarasah, preservation