MORALITAS KALO SUKU BANGSA TOLAKI DALAM PERSPEKTIF ETIKA UTILITARIANISME DAN SUMBANGANNYA BAGI PERKEMBANGAN BUDAYA DI SULAWESI TENGGARA

ASLIM, S.S., M.HUM, Drs. M. Mukhtasar S, M.Hum., Ph.D of Arts; Dr. C.B. Kusmaryanto, S.C.J

2017 | Disertasi | S3 Ilmu Filsafat

Penelitian ini yang berjudul: Moralitas Kalo Suku Bangsa Tolaki dalam Perspektif Etika Utilitarianisme dan Sumbangannya bagi Perkembangan Budaya di Sulawesi Tenggara, merupakan studi tentang ajaran etis budaya Kalo. Latar belakang penelitian ini didorong keprihatinan atas minimnya pengkajian ajaran etis budaya lokal di Sulawesi Tenggara secara filosofis yang dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai pedoman hidup dan pergaulan sosial. Tujuan penelitian ini, yakni: (a) mendeskripsikan pentingnya budaya Kalo dalam kehidupan sosial suku bangsa Tolaki, (b) menganalisis dan menerangkan ajaran etis budaya Kalo dalam perspektif etika Utilitarianisme, dan (c) merefleksikan serta menjelaskan relevansi moralitas Kalo bagi pengembangan budaya di Sulawesi Tenggara. Bahan dikumpulkan dengan studi kepustakaan (library research), tetapi dilengkapi pula dengan observasi dan wawancara. Studi ini memakai data utama dari buku-buku, wawancara, serta observasi dalam bentuk visual dan audiovisual serta dilengkapi pula dengan data artikel-artikel dan buku-buku tentang etika dan budaya Kalo. Bahan-bahan tersebut lalu diorganisasi serta diolah dengan tiga tahapan, yakni reduksi data, display data, serta simpulan dan verifikasi. Data akhirnya dimaknai secara reflektif-kritis dengan unsur-unsur metodis filsafati, yakni historis, verstehen, hermeneutik, dan induktif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan sebagai berikut. Pertama, Kalo merupakan pusat kebudayaan suku bangsa Tolaki. Kalo berarti lingkaran, ikatan, yang mempunyai wujud ideal kebudayaan, yakni Kalo Sara (adat-istiadat Kalo). Kalo Sara merupakan Sara Owoseno/Mbu'uno (adat-istiadat pokok/utama) dalam tatanan kehidupan masyarakat Tolaki. Kedua, budaya Kalo dalam kajian etika Utilitarianisme memiliki paling tidak tujuh nilai moralitas, yakni: (1) nilai kesatuan dan persatuan (medulu mepoko'aso), (2) nilai kesucian dan keadilan (atepute penao moroha), (3) nilai kesejahteraan dan kesenangan (morini mbu'umbundi monapa mbu'undawaro), (4) nilai cinta kasih (mombekameimeiri'ako), dan (5) nilai rasa malu (kohanu). Ketiga, Ketujuh nilai moralitas budaya Kalo itu dalam wujudnya sebagai norma-norma moralitas Kalo Sara mores yang menata sistem kehidupan sosial suku bangsa Tolaki, setidak-tidaknya memiliki lima nilai kegunaan, yaitu: (a) ajaran etis budaya Kalo merupakan media utama bagi pembentukan jati diri kaum Tolaki, (b) ajaran etis budaya Kalo merupakan media utama bagi pembentukan integrasi Kaum Tolaki, (c) Ketiga, ajaran etis budaya Kalo merupakan media utama bagi peneguhan keutamaan etis Kaum Tolaki, (d) ajaran etis budaya Kalo merupakan media utama bagi penyelesaian berbagai konflik sosial Kaum Tolaki, baik konflik kekerasan (violent conflict) maupun konflik tanpa kekerasan (non-violent conflict), (e) ajaran etis budaya Kalo merupakan media utama bagi penyataan kesyukuran dan penyehatan diri dan negeri kaum Tolaki. Keempat, Ajaran etis budaya Kalo atas dasar nilai kegunaannya tersebut, amat relevan apabila ditransformasikan sebagai pedoman hidup dan pergaulan sosial bagi segenap masyarakat yang hidup di Sulawesi Tenggara.

This research entitled: The Kalo Morality of the Tolaki Tribe in the Perspective of Utilitarianism Ethics and Its Contribution to the Development of Culture in Southeast Sulawesi concerns the ethical teachings of the Kalo culture. The background to this research is concern over limited studies examining the ethical teachings of the local culture of Southeast Sulawesi from the philosophical perspective that can be used as guidelines to be implemented in daily life and social interactions. It aims to: (a) describe the importance of the Kalo culture in the social life of the Tolaki tribe, (b) analyze and explain the ethical teachings of the Kalo culture in the perspective of the Utilitarianism ethics, and (c) reflect and explain the relevance of the Kalo morality to the cultural development in Southeast Sulawesi. Research materials were collected by conducting library research, in addition to observation and interviews. In this research, the primary data were obtained from books, interviews, and observation both in visual and audiovisual forms which were also supported by the data from articles and books on the Kalo ethics and culture. Then, those materials were organized and processed in three stages, namely data reduction, data display, and conclusion and verification. Afterwards, the data were interpreted on a reflective-critical basis using the methodical elements of philosophy, namely historical, verstehen, hermeneutic, and inductive. Research findings suggest the following. First, Kalo is the center for the Tolaki tribe's culture. The word Kalo means 'circle' or 'bond', which has the ideal form of culture, namely Kalo Sara (the customs of Kalo). Kalo Sara constitutes Sara Owoseno/Mbu'uno (primary/ principal customs) in the system of life of the Tolaki community. Second, the Kalo culture in the research on the Utilitarianism ethics has at least seven values of morality, namely: (1) unity and integrity (medulu mepoko'aso), (2) sanctity and justice (atepute penao moroha), (3) welfare and pleasure (morini mbu'um-bundi monapa mbu'undawaro), (4) love (mombekameimeiri'ako), and (5) shame (kohanu). Third, those seven values of morality in the Kalo culture that constitute the norms of morality of the Kalo Sara norms of decency that govern Tolaki tribe's social life system have at least five utility values, they are: (a) the ethical teachings of the Kalo culture is the primary medium to establish the identity of the Tolaki people, (b) the ethical teachings of the Kalo culture is the primary medium to establish the integrity of the Tolaki people, (c) the ethical teachings of the Kalo culture is the primary medium to affirm the ethical primacy of the Tolaki people, (d) the ethical teachings of the Kalo culture is the primary medium to resolve various social conflicts among the Tolaki people, either violent or non-violent conflicts, and (e) the ethical teachings of the Kalo culture is the primary medium to express gratitude and recovery of the individuals and the land of the Tolaki people. Fourth, the ethical teachings of the Kalo culture viewed from its utility values are very relevant if transformed into guidelines to be implemented in daily life and social interactions by the community of Southeast Sulawesi.

Kata Kunci : morality of the Kalo culture, Utilitarism ethics, the Kalo Sara norms of decency, utility value, relevance, transformation, moralitas budaya Kalo, etika Utilitarianisme, Kalo Sara mores, nilai kegunaan