STUDI IMPLEMENTASI KEBIJAKAN PENGAWASAN PERIKANAN

HEDHI SUGRITO K, Prof. Dr. Yeremias T. Keban, MURP

2016 | Tesis | S2 Manajemen dan Kebijakan Publik

Praktik penangkapan ikan secara ilegal (illegal fishing) merupakan salah satu penyebab bagi pengelolaan perikanan, kerusakan ekosistem perairan dan berkurangnya stok ikan. Praktik illegal fishing merupakan salah satu bentuk permasalahan atau isu publik yang menghambat tujuan pengelolaan perikanan di Indonesia. Guna mengatasi permasalahan/isu publik Pemerintah wajib hadir. Bentuk kehadiran pemerintah mengatasi permasalahan praktik illegal fishing melalui kebijakan pengawasan perikanan. Kebijakan pengawasan perikanan dijalankan melalui tahapan yaitu tahap operasional pengawasan perikanan dan kelautan, tahap operasional pemantauan dan operasi pengawasan di laut, tahap operasional penanganan pelanggaran dan tahap penyediaan infrastruktur pengawasan. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk menganalisis implementasi kebijakan pengawasan perikanan serta mengetahui dan menganalisis faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi implementasi kebijakan pengawasan perikanan. Metodologi penelitian berupa penelitian kualitatif dengan menggunakan metode studi kasus. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan implementasi kebijakan pengawasan perikanan belum efektif untuk mengatasi praktik illegal fishing. Implementasi kebijakan pengawasan perikanan dipengaruhi oleh isi kebijakan, lingkungan kebijakan, sumber daya anggaran dan street-level bureaucrats. Isi kebijakan menimbulkan multitafsir dan ketidakjelasan, panduan operasional belum lengkap serta adanya tumpang tindih antar peraturan. Adanya pengaruh dari kelompok kepentingan yang mengganggu pengawasan perikanan, masih ditemukan ketidakpatuhan nelayan lokal dan nelayan asing serta adanya dukungan pemerintah daerah terhadap pelaksanaan pengawasan perikanan di daerah. Dukungan anggaran pengawasan perikanan masih rendah dan minimal serta adanya kebijakan penyesuaian alokasi anggaran. Selain itu, jumlah pengawas perikanan terbatas, masih ditemukan ketidakpatuhan pengawas perikanan serta adanya dukungan pemerintah yang kurang seperti pemerintah kurang memberikan dukungan mengenai kepastian perlindungan hukum bagi pengawas perikanan. Selanjutnya saran yang diajukan yaitu mendorong terbitnya aturan operasional seperti PP Pengawasan perikanan, upaya penegakan hukum bagi para pelaku illegal fishing dan kelompok kepentingan (mafia illegal fishing), alokasi anggaran disesuaikan dengan kebutuhan prioritas, diantaranya untuk mendukung pemenuhan infrastruktur pengawasan, hari operasi kapal pengawas, serta adanya upaya peningkatan jumlah dan kapasitas pengawas perikanan.

Illegal fishing practices is one of the causes for fisheries management, ecosystems and reduced damage to fish stocks. The practice of illegal fishing is one of the problems or issues that hinder public fisheries management objectives in Indonesia. In order to overcome the problems/issues must be present Government public. Form of government presence to overcome the problems of illegal fishing practices through fisheries surveillance policy. Fisheries surveillance policy is run through the stages, namely the operational phase of fisheries and marine surveillance, monitoring of operational stages and surveillance operations at sea, the operational phase of law enforcement and stage monitoring infrastructure. The purpose of this study to analyze the implementation of the fisheries surveillance policy as well as identify and analyze the factors that affect the implementation of the fisheries surveillance policy. Methodology the research is a qualitative study using the case study method. The results showed the fisheries surveillance policy implementation has not been effective to tackle illegal fishing practices. Implementation of the fisheries control policy is influenced by the contents of the policy, environmental policy, budgetary resources, and street-level bureaucrats. The contents of the policy raises multiple interpretations and ambiguities, operational guidance is not yet complete, and the overlap between rules. The influence of interest groups who disrupt fisheries surveillance, they found non-compliance with local fishers and foreign fishing and the support of local governments to the implementation of fisheries surveillance in the area. Budget support is low and minimal fisheries surveillance and policy adjustment of the budget allocation. In addition, a limited number of fisheries inspectors, fishery inspectors still found non-compliance as well as their lack of government support such as less government support regarding the certainty of legal protection for fisheries inspectors. Further suggestions put forward is to encourage the publication of operational rules such as government regulation Supervision fisheries, law enforcement efforts for the perpetrators of the illegal fishing and interest groups (mafia illegal fishing), the budget allocation be adapted to the needs of priority, including to support the fulfillment of the surveillance infrastructure, the operation of surveillance vessels , as well as their efforts to increase the number and capacity of fisheries inspectors.

Kata Kunci : Implementasi, kebijakan publik, pengawasan perikanan