Kekuasaan Street Level Bureaucrats (Studi Kasus Implementasi Program Kementerian Perumahan Rakyat Tentang Bantuan Stimulan Perumahan Swadaya Bagi Masyarakat Berpenghasilan Rendah Di Kabupaten Manggarai Timur Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur)

YOHANES KORNELIUS E, Dr. Subando Agus Margono, M.Si

2017 | Tesis | S2 Administrasi Publik

Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menggali dinamika munculnya kekuasaan street level bureaucrats dalam kasus implementasi Program Bantuan Stimulan Perumahan Swadaya (BSPS) Kementerian Perumahan Rakyat yang dilaksanakan di Kabupaten Manggarai Timur. Penelitian ini mengunakan metode kualitatif eksploratif untuk mengeksplorasi kandungan objek penelitian berdasarkan fakta-fakta yang terjadi di lapangan penelitian. Data diperoleh melalui wawancara, observasi dan dokumentasi. Data primer diperoleh melalui proses wawancara dengan melibatkan informan kunci yang dipilih berdasarkan metode purpose sampling. Sementara data primer diperoleh melalui studi dokumen program BSPS dan laporan hasil pelaksanaan program BSPS pada Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan Daerah (BAPPEDA) Kabupaten Manggarai Timur. Penelitian menunjukan telah terjadi diskresi dalam implementasi program BSPS yang dilakukan oleh street level bureaucrats. Diskresi muncul dalam berbagai bentuk seperti pembuatan kuitansi fiktif, pembuatan Kartu Tanda Penduduk palsu serta manipulasi data calon penerima bantuan yang sejatinya sangat bertentangan dengan keputusan pemerintah pusat. Meskipun bertentangan, namun dalam kenyataanya diskresi yang dilakukan tersebut justru membantu street level bureaucrats menciptakan iklim implementasi yang efektif. Munculnya kekuasaan street level bureaucrats untuk melakukan diskresi dipengaruhi oleh kompleksitas permasalahan implementasi program BSPS seperti inkonsistensi pemerintah pusat, minimnya kesiapan masyarakat, rendahnya ketersediaan dana serta akses infrastruktur yang tidak memadai. Berbagai masalah tersebut membentuk komitmen street level bureaucrats untuk melakukan diskresi melalui serangkaian strategi seperti manipulasi data, pembuatan kuitansi fiktif, pembuatan Kartu Tanda Penduduk palsu dan kebijakan pengumpulan dana oleh desa kepada para penerima dana BSPS. Menarik bahwa kearifan lokal yang direpresentasikan melalui relasi sosial yang kuat antar sesama warga masyarakat turut membantu street level bureaucrats membangun kekuasaan dalam implementasi program BSPS. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, maka penulis menemukan adanya hubungan yang positif antara diskresi dan street level bureaucrats. Street level bureaucrats nyatanya mempunyai kemampuan mengunakan kekuasaan untuk merespon kompleksitas permasalahan melalui serangkaian kebijakan. Oleh karena itu, maka dalam tulisan ini penulis menyarankan agar kebijakan yang terpusat perlu membuka ruang bagi street level bureaucrats untuk mengambil keputusan dalam implementasi setiap program sesuai dengan kondisi masyarakat. Sehingga kebijakan tersebut bisa diakses oleh seluruh lapisan masyarakat.

This study was conducted to explore the dynamics of the rise to power street level bureaucrats in the case of the implementation of Governmental Housing Assistance Program Stimulants (BSPS) Ministry of Housing held in the East Manggarai District. The research employs exploratory qualitative research methods to explore the content of the object of research based on the facts that occurred in the field of research. Data was obtained through interviews, observation and documentation. The primary data obtained through interviews with key informants involved were selected based on purposive sampling method. While primary data obtained through studies of BSPS program documents and reports on the implementation of the BSPS program in Regional Development Planning Board (BAPPEDA) in East Manggarai District . Research shows there has been a discretion in the implementation of BSPS performed by street level bureaucrats. Discretion comes in many forms such as creating fictitious receipts, creation of fake National Identity Card as well as data manipulation beneficiaries, which in essence is contrary to the decision of the central government. Although contradictory, but in fact the discretion that do actually helps the street-level bureaucrats to create a climate for effective implementation. The emergence of street level bureaucrats the power to make discretionary influenced by the complexity of the program implementation BSPs such as the central government's inconsistency, lack of community preparedness, low availability of funds and inadequate access to infrastructure. These problems establish commitments street level bureaucrats to do the discretion through a series of strategies such as manipulation of data, creation of fictitious invoices, fake National Identity Card making and policy fundraising by the village to the recipients of funds BSPS. Interesting that local knowledge is represented through a strong social relationship between fellow citizens helped street-level bureaucrats in the implementation of programs to build power BSPs. Based on the results of the study, the authors found a positive relationship between discretionary and street-level bureaucrats. Street-level bureaucrats in fact have the ability to use the power to respond to the complexity of the problem through a series of policies. Therefore, it is in this paper the authors suggested that a centralized policy needs to open up space for street-level bureaucrats to make decisions on the implementation of each program in accordance with the conditions of the community. So that the policy can be accessed by all levels of society.

Kata Kunci : Implementasi Kebijakan, Kekuasaan, Street level bureaucrats, diskresi, Policy Implementation, Power, Street level bureaucrats, discretion