GERAKAN PETANI DALAM MENUNTUT HAK ATAS TANAH
JAROT SANTOSO, Prof.Dr. Partini
2016 | Disertasi | S3 Ilmu SosiologiDisertasi. Gerakan Petani Dalam Menuntut Hak Atas Tanah (Kasus di Cipari, Cilacap, Provinsi Jawa Tengah) Di penghujung dan pasca runtuhnya kekuasaan Orde Baru, gerakan petani dalam menuntut hak atas tanah perkebunan terjadi di sejumlah daerah di Indonesia. Studi ini menjelaskan gerakan petani Cipari, Cilacap dalam memperjuangkan hak atas tanah yang dikuasai PT Rumpun Sari Antan. Gerakan petani berlangsung lama, sejak masa Orde Lama sampai dengan masa pasca reformasi. Munculnya gerakan petani berawal dari hilangnya hak atas tanah trukah para leluhurnya yang dirampas oleh negara untuk kepentingan perkebunan. Di masa Orde Baru, meskipun negara begitu mendominasi dan hegemonik tetapi petani Cipari berani melakukan gerakan. Pasca Orde Baru gerakan petani semakin intens dan masif. Faktor yang mendasari gerakan petani yaitu nilai sosial-kultural tentang tanah. Bagi petani Cipari, tanah selain memiliki nilai ekonomi juga memiliki nilai sosial dan kultural. Pesan leluhur bahwa tanah harus dijaga dan dipertahankan, melekat dalam kehidupan petani. Karena itu, petani terus melakukan gerakan sampai dengan diperolehnya hak milik atas tanah dengan legalitas berupa sertifikat. Kata kunci: gerakan petani, nilai sosial kultural, sertifikat tanah.
Research on peasant movement in reclaiming the Cultivation Rights (HGU) of plantation and the efficacy in acquiring the property rights over land in a legal way is yet considered rare. This study aims at explaining the peasant movement to prosecute PT Rumpun Sari Antan (RSA) in Cipari, Cilacap, regarding the property rights over the plantation. In comparison to those with the same cases in different areas, the efforts conducted by Cipari’s peasants have brought them to fruition since they could finally acquire their property rights over land as expected. In order to comprehend the complexity of the movement conducted by the peasants, this research adopts the theory of social movement brought by McAdam et.al (1996:2), which consists of political opportunity structure, mobilizing structure and cultural theory or framing process on issue. The research method that is used in this research is qualitative research method using a case study approach (Creswell, 1994; Moleong, 2002; Yin, 2003). The main subject is the peasants who belong to local peasant organization (OTL). Besides, in order to support the data, the informants are taken from non-governmental organization (Ornop), public figure, bureaucrat and plantation staff. Data collection is conducted by indepth interview individually and focus group interview (Creswell, 1994:188). Data analysis is performed simultaneously and continuously (on going) by collecting the data. Results of this study reveal that the peasant movement in fighting for their land rights takes a long time starting from the post-independence era until the fall of the post-New Order era. The emergence of peasant movement was due to the the loss of their ancestor’s rights over trukah land which have been seized by the state and allocated for plantation. In the era of Old Order, the peasants occupied the land. At the time, the peasants were supported by a political organization, namely Barisan Tani Indonesia. The injustice and land reform issues were carried as the basic and strategy to provoke the movement. In the era of New Order, where the state was really strong, the peasants in Cipari kept making a move. At the time, the political opportunity structure did not give space for the peasants to take a fight. Similarly, the mobilizing structure such as the movement organization, social network across organization, organizational supports outside the peasants were not available yet. Peasants in Cipari emphasized more on internal mobilization, that is by establishing the solidarity among peasants. They struggled in a form of small groups in every village. The trukah land as the heritage of their ancestors which have been deprived and seized by the state were the basic and strategy to start the movement. Therefore, eventhough the state was supremely dominating and hegemonic, the peasant in Cipari had no fear and made a move to demand the seized land. The change of power, from the New Order era to Reformation era, affected the form and nature of the peasant movement in Cipari. In the transitional period, the political opportunity structure was open for the emergence and the development of a movement. This political opportunity, indirectly, affected the resource mobilization, both the internal and external. That is to say, the movement agent easily mobilized the masses in order to support the movement. At the same time, the peasants got supports from many parties, such as NGO, political parties, mass media and other civil society power. Peasant movement in Cipari faced their dynamics along with the developing political climate at the time. The peasant movement dynamics could especially be seen on the changes of the way they mobilized the resource, framed the issue as the strategy and basic in making a movement. The peasant movement in Cipari emerges and keeps growing not only in consideration of the political opportunity, but there are also other factors. The main factor that underlies the peasant movement is the value of socio-cultural on land. For the peasants in Cipari, land is not merely a production tool or economic resource, but it contains socio-cultural value, even beyond, that is the spiritual (religion) value. Their ancestor’s land which had been derived from trukah should be kept and maintained, and it was inherent in the mind of every peasant. In other words, the peasants made a movement on the ground of their ancestor’s errand that their land, no matter how small it is, should be maintained. This socio-cultural becomes the ground for the peasants to keep making a move all the time. Through a greatly long process, the peasants are finally managed to achieve the target, that is the retrieval of property rights over the land which is reinforced with legal power in the form of a land certificate. Keywords: peasant movement, movement dynamics, socio-cultural value, property rights over the land.
Kata Kunci : peasant movement, socio-cultural value, land ownership certificate
