PENERAPAN PRINSIP PARTISIPATIF DAN KEADILAN SOSIAL DALAM PENGATURAN DAN PELAKSANAAN PENGADAAN TANAH BAGI PEMBANGUNAN UNTUK KEPENTINGAN UMUM

FIFIK WIRYANI, SH.M.HUM., Prof. Dr. Nurhasan Ismail,SH.,M.Si.

2016 | Disertasi | S3 Ilmu Hukum

Sejak Indonesia merdeka, pengaturan hukum pengadaan tanah untuk pembangunan kepentingan umum telah dilakukan perubahan beberapa kali, sebagai upaya untuk menjamin proses pengadaan tanah berjalan tanpa ada hambatan. Namun selalu saja timbul permasalahan di masyarakat apabila diselenggarakan program pengadaan tanah, terutama berkaitan dengan masalah rendahnya partisipasi warga dalam pengambilan keputusan dan munculnya ketidak adilan sosial, sebagai dampak pembangunan. Beberapa kajian telah menunjukkan kekurangan dari adanya penerapan asas dan prinsip dalam pengadaan tanah untuk pembangunan tersebut. Penelitian ini berusaha menggali konstruksi prinsip partisipatif dan prinsip keadilan sosial dalam pengaturan hukum pengadaan tanah untuk pembangunan kepentingan umum, bagaimana penerapannya dalam pelaksanaan pengadaan tanah dan kemudian melakukan rekonstruksi terhadap prinsip-prinsip tersebut, yang diharapkan dapat memberikan alternatif dalam menyempurnakan pengaturan hukumnya. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian normatif dan penelitian empiris, yang bertujuan mencari kebenaran hukum apa adanya, melalui analisis terhadap subtansi hukum serta pengalaman pelaksanaanya dalam pengadaan tanah untuk pembangunan kepentingan umum. Dalam pencarian data, peneliti menggunakan data skunder sebagai bahan utama dalam bentuk peraturan perundangan dan data pengadaan tanah dalam pembangunan Jalan Tol Moker. Disamping itu digunakan data primer sebagai pendukung, yang diperoleh melalui wawancara dengan narasumber secara purposive, yaitu panitia pengadaan, pelaku usaha dan warga yang tanahnya terkena program pengadaan tanah. Data penelitian kemudian dianalisis dan dikontruksi untuk menyusun laporan penelitian disertasi ini. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan, 1) Penjabaran prisip partisipatif dalam pengaturan hukum pengadaan tanah tercermin dari telah diaturnya ketentuan mengenai asas keterbukaan, asas kesepakatan dan asas keikutsertaan. Sedangkan prinsip keadilan sosial tercermin dari adanya asas kepentingan umum, asas ganti rugi, dan asas pengakuan hak, 2) Penerapan prinsip tersebut dalam pelaksanaannya telah dilakukan, tetapi masih banyak kendala yang berkaitan dengan kurang sempurnanya aturan dan pemahaman para aktor yang terlibat, 3). Melihat beberapa kelemahan dan kekurangan dalam pelaksanaan prinsip partisipatif perlu dilengkapi dengan asas keberlanjutan, yang didalamnya mengandung asas keterbukaan dan keikutsertaan. Sedangkan rekonstruksi prinsip keadilan sosial perlu disempurnakan dengan asas tanggungjawab negara, asas keserasian-keseimbangan dan asas pencemar membayar.

Land procurement for the development of public interest have two opposite sides. On the one hand aimed at the welfare of the people, on the other hand have to take people's land which is the human rights that protects by the constitution. Ideally, on the land procurement there is a balance between the public interest with the interests of the individual in the form of a worthy replacement to improve the welfare of the land owner. Regulatory and the implementation issues of land procurement for the development of public interest is continuing to occur. Root of the problems due to non-fulfillment of principles of justice that are affected by the non-fulfillment of participation principle. This resulted in the emergence of structural and horizontal conflict in the community, obstructed or failure of development, and decreased welfare of the land owners. This study describes and analyzes: 1) The development of implementation participatory principle and social justice in the regulation of land procurement, 2) Application of participatory principle and social justice in land procurement for development-Mojokerto toll road Kertosono (MOKER); 3) Renewal of the laws governing land procurement with participatory principle and social justice This study used normative and empirical legal research. Normative legal research conducts literature searches on secondary data which is regulate or examine the land procurement. Whereas empirical legal research take location on land procurement for the construction of Mojokerto toll road Kertosono (MOKER) in Jombang and Mojokerto. Primary data collects by observation and interviews. The Primary data analysis used descriptive qualitative and secondary data analysis used content analysis which is combine with the historical-comparative analysis, and further with prescriptive and hermenuetics analysis. The results of this research are: 1) The Progress of regulations of the land procurement for development of public interest has increased towards better arrangement that meet the principle of participation. Meanwhile the development of the application of social justice principle fluctuating. The regulations in the land procurement legislation more appropriate with the principles of justice compared with the regulations below the legislation. Due to the theoretical implication is land procurement regulations partly reinforces the theory that justice as a form of balance between the interests of individuals with common interests could only be achieved through a process that takes into account humanitarian aspects and aspects of participation especially in decision-making restitution; 2) At the level of implementation of land procurement for the development of public interest that is supported by executive regulations, there is a rejection of development efforts to achieve justice because of lack of attention to humanitarian aspects and the principle of participation. The owners of land in land procurement activities are treated as objects. In the public consultation meeting and deliberation compensation sometimes done artificially or manipulated. In deliberation of compensation, the land owners are only given a single compensation value result from assessors without giving an opportunity to apply for other alternatives; 3) As an efforts to achieve the principle of participation and the principle of social justice, it is necessary to reform the law by making changes to the law No. 2 of 2012, by improving and adds the principle and the basis of land procurement, improve the development concept of public interest, improving provisions regarding assessment and compensation.

Kata Kunci : pengaturan pengadaan tanah, pembangunan, kepentingan umum