PEMANTAPAN PENGEMBANGAN TATA RUANG PETERNAKAN SAPI PERAH RAKYAT DI KOTA SEMARANG

ENDANG WIDIASTUTI, Ir. Kustono, MSc. Ph.D.; Dr.Ir. Adiarto, MSc.; Dr.Ir. Nurliyani, M.S.

2015 | Disertasi | S3 Ilmu Peternakan

Peternakan sapi perah rakyat di kota Semarang pada awalnya berada di Kecamatan Banyumanik di sisi Tenggara, yaitu di kelurahan Jabungan dan Meteseh. Sejalan dengan perkembangan dan perluasan kota Semarang, kegiatan tersebut dipindahkan ke daerah pengembangan yaitu di kecamatan Mijen dan kecamatan Gunungpati. Kesadaran masyarakat tentang lingkungan hidup pada saat ini terlihat belum sampai ke tingkat masyarakat peternak, padahal tanpa disadari, sub sektor peternakan menyumbang beban pencemaran terhadap lingkungan berupa limbah. Limbah yang berasal dari suatu peternakan, dapat berupa limbah padat, limbah cair dan gas. Pada peternakan tradisional biasanya belum ada upaya pengelolaan, maka hampir semua limbah yang dihasilkan dibuang ke badan air (sungai) yang terdekat, sehingga pada sekitar peternakan yang sering ditemukan adalah pencemaran terhadap kualitas air sedangkan emisi gas akan menimbulkan pencemaran udara. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk merancang konsep tata ruang peternakan sapi perah rakyat di wilayah pengembangan kota Semarang berdasarkan daya tampung unit ternak yang diijinkan sesuai daya dukungnya, mengetahui pengaruh kesesuaian tata ruang sapi perah rakyat terhadap kondisi fisiologis ternak dan produktivitasnya, serta mengidentifikasi dampak pencemaran lingkungan yang ditimbulkan oleh peternakan sapi perah rakyat di Kecamatan Gunungpati terutama terhadap kualitas air sungai dan sumur penduduk serta kualitas udara di sekitarnya. Penelitian dilakukan di 3 kelompok tani ternak (Nangkasawit, Plalangan dan Sumurejo) masing-masing 6 ekor. Faktor lingkungan yang diamati adalah suhu, kelembaban dan curah hujan, sedangkan variabel yang diukur adalah frekuensi respirasi, frekuensi pulsus dan pengukuran suhu rektal, sedangkan unruk kondisi hematologiss dilakukan pengukuran parameter darah, yaitu : jumlah eritrosit, kadar hemoglobin dan hematokrit. Berdasarkan hasil perhitungan ketersediaan lahan dan air termasuk dalam ketegori surplus, daya dukung dan daya tampung hijauan pakan pengembangan peternakan sapi perah di Kecamatan Gunungpati termasuk dalam kategori aman. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan nilai Temperature Humidity Index (THI) di desa Nangkasawit 79, di desa Plalangan 75 dan di desa Sumurejo 79, frekuensi respirasi terlihat lebih tinggi dari kisaran normal. Hasil pengukuran rataan hemoglobin, eritrosit dan hematokrit masih dalam batas normal, dengan nilai rataan Hb = 9,28, 9,08, dan 9,03, eritrosit = 3,35, 3,62, dan 3,47 serta hematokrit = 28.756, 28.108 dan 29.637. Berdasarkan analisis statistik menunjukkan tidak ada perbedaan nyata antar lokasi pengamatan. Rataan produksi susu terstandar 305 hari di desa Nangkasawi, Plalangan dan Sumurejo berturut-turut adalah sebesar 2.094,6, 2.820,0, 446,9 liter per ekor per hari. Hasil analisis fisik-kimia sampel air sumur penduduk berdasarkan parameter yang diamati pada masing-masing stasiun pengamatan di desa Nangkasawit masih berada di bawah batas ambang baku mutu, kecuali kadar Fe, sedangkan di desa Plalangan dan Sumurejo selain Fe, pH juga berada di atas baku mutu. Hasil analisis sampel bahwa total bakteri air sumur penduduk di desa Nangkasawit ST0 sebesar 7,8 x 104 cfu/mL, ST1 sebesar 3,3 x 104 cfu/mL, ST2 sebesar 3,1 x 103 cfu/mL dan ST3 sebesar 1,8 x 102 cfu/mL. Di desa Plalangan ST0 dijumpai sebesar 1,3 x 106 cfu/mL, ST1 sebesar 1,7 x 104 cfu/mL ST2 sebesar 1,2 x 104 cfu/mL dan ST3 sebesar 3,1 x 103 cfu/mL. Di desa Sumurejo ST0 dijumpai sebesar 1,3 x 105 cfu/mL, ST1 sebesar 8,1 x 104 cfu/mL, ST2 sebesar 5,4 x 104 cfu/mL dan ST3 0,5 x 102 cfu/mL. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa : Penetapan pengembangan peternakan sapi perah di Kecamatan Gunungpati berdasarkan ketersediaan lahan dan air termasuk dalam kategori surplus, berdasarkan daya dukung dan daya tampung hijauan pakan termasuk dalam kategori aman, kondisi lingkungan sesuai untuk pengembangan usaha peternakan sapi perah walaupun sapi perah mengalami cekaman ringan berdasarkan parameter lingkungan dan parameter fisiologis. Produksi dan kualitas susu yang terbaik dijumpai di desa Sumurejo yang memeiliki manajemen pemeliharaan yang baik. Produksi susu terendah di desa Nangkasawit sedangkan kualitas susu terendah di desa Plalangan. Pencemaran air sungai dan air sumur tertinggi terdapat di desa Sumurejo, dikarenakan sebelum lokasi peternakan terdapat pabrik tahu yang membuang limbahnya ke sungai, kemudian diikuti desa Nangkasawit dan desa Plalangan. Kualitas udara ke 3 desa pengamatan masih berada dalam ambang batas baku mutu yang diijinkan. Penerapan konsep eko-efisiensi di desa Sumurejo belum berhasil karena masih terjadi inefisiensi sumberdaya alam, sehingga belum bisa digunakan sebagai metode mitigasi dampak. Rekomendasi dari penellian ini adalah Kecamatan Gunungpati memiliki daya dukung dan daya tampung ternak dalam kategori aman dan memiliki peluang penambahan ternak, penambahan ternak ini harus dipertimbangkan dengan seksama, karena akan berpengaruh terhadap cadangan pakan dan limbah yang dihasilkan, penambahn ternak sebaiknya tergrabung dalam kelompok tani ternak sehingga akan memudahkan pemantaun dari instansi terkait.

The dairy farms in Semarang previously was located in Banyumanik district in the southeast, precisely in Jabungan and Meteseh villages. As the development and expansion of Semarang City the dairy farms was located in two development areas namely Mijen and Gunungpati district. Nowadays the awrnesess of people the environment aspect have not reached to the dairy farmers. In fact, animal husbandry sub sector has unconsciously contributed to environmental pollutions in the form of waste disposal. It can be solid waste, liquid waste, and gas. Traditional farming usually had no effort for waste management, which causes all the wast throw away in the river nearby. That is why many cases of water pollution are frequently found around the farming area, as well as gas emission that will cause air pollution. The purposes of this research were to : 1) design a spatial planning concept for dairy farms in the development areas in Semarang City based on the permitted capacity of dairy cattle unit in accordance with the carrying capacity, 2) investigate the influence of spatial planning suitability of dairy farm towards cattle's physiological conditions and their productivity, and 3) identify the impacts of environmental pollutions caused by dairy farms in Gunungpati District, particularly on the water quality of the river and community, wells as well as the air quality around the farms. The research was conducted in 3 dairy farming groups, i.e. Nangkasawit, Plalangan and Sumurejo. There were six (6) dairy cattle in each farm. The observed environmental factors were temperature, humidity, and rainfall, whereas the measured variables were respiration frequency, pulse frequency, and rectal temperature. Beside that, in order to know the hematological conditions, blood parameter was measured the amount of erythrocyte, hemoglobin content, and hematocrit. Based on the carrying capacity of land and water belongs to the surplus, carrying capacity and forage capacity, Gunungpati District was safe for dairy farm development. The research result showed that the Temperature Humidity Index (THI) value in Nangkasawit, Plalangan, and Sumurejo was 79, 75, and 79, respectively. The respiration frequency was higher than the normal range. Meanwhile the average of measurement result of each hemoglobin, erythrocyte, and hematocrit in the normal range; that were 9.28, 9.08, 9.03 for hemoglobin (Hb), 3.35, 3.62, 3.47 for erythrocyte, and 28.756, 28.108, 29,637 for hematocrit. Based on the statistical analysis, there was no apparent difference among the observation locations. The average of standardized milk production for 305 days in Nangkasawit, Plalangan, and Sumurejo was 2,094,6 lt, 2,820.0lt 4,446.9 lt per her per day, respectively. The physical-chemical analysis result of the water samples from the community wells, based on the observed parameters in each observation station, in Nangkasawit was below the limit of quality standard except for Fe content, whereas in Plalangan and Sumurejo, other than Fe, pH was above the quality standard. The sample's analysis result showed that the total bacteria in the wells in Nangkasawit ST0 was 7.8 x 104 cfu/l, ST1 3.3 x 104 cfu/ml, ST2 3.1 x 103 cfu/ml ST3 3.1 x 103 cfu/ml. In Plalangan ST0, the bacteria 1.3 x 106 cfu/ml ST1 1.7 x104 cfu/ml, ST2 1.2 x 104 cfu/ml, ST3 3.1 x 103 cfu/ml, in Sumurejo ST0 1.3 x 105 cfu/ml, ST1 8.1 x 104 cfu/ml, ST2 5.4 x 104 cfu/ml and ST3 0.5 x 102 cfu/ml. Based on the research result, it can be concluded that the the carrying capacity of land and water belongs to the surplus, the stabilization of dairy farm development in Gunungpat District based on the forage capacity and the carrying capacity was categorized as secure; the environmental condition was suitable for dairy farming business even though the dairy cattle underwent light stress. The best milk production and milk quality was found in Sumurejo village as the farms had good management of rearing. The lowest milk production was found in Nangkasawit village, while the lowest milk quality was found in Plalangan village. The highest water pollution of river and well was in Sumurejo which was caused by the waste disposal of a tofu factory that was there formerly, followed by Nangkasawit and Plalangan. The air quality in the three observed villagee was in the permitted quality standard limit. The eco-efficiency concept application in Sumurejo has not been succesa as there was still natural resource inefficiency so that it cannot be used as an impact mitigation method. The recommendation of research is Gunungpati District was a safe area based on carrying capacity and cattle capacity for additional of cattle. Meanwhile it should be consider to capacity, as it will influence to the forage stock and waste production. The additional of cattle was better implemented in farmer group in order to easily monitor from the related institution.

Kata Kunci : Respon fisiologis, Produksi susu, Kualitas air, Kualitas udara, Eko-efisiensi