KEGAGALAN BALI PROCESS DALAM MENYELESAIKAN PERMASALAHAN PENYELUNDUPAN PENCARI SUAKA KE AUSTRALIA (2002 – 2014)
Rosa Longi Folia, Drs. Samsu Rizal Panggabean, M.Sc
2014 | Tesis | S2 Ilmu Politik/Hubungan InternasionalTerjadi pergeseran paradigma dalam konteks irregular migration yang melibatkan aktor-aktor seperti negara, jaringan penyelundup manusia, dan manusia yang diselundupkan itu sendiri. Sekuritisasi migrasi menjadi salah satu alasan mengapa negara memperketat perbatasan dan kontrol imigrasi, menyebabkan para pencari suaka harus menggunakan jasa penyelundup manusia. Negara yang merasa kedaulatannya terancam memutuskan tidak bisa menyelesaikan persoalan ini sendiri dan memilih kerjasama regional. Bali Process menjadi salah satu fenomena dalam sejarah regional consultative process (RCP) karena jumlah anggota yang banyak, kondisi domestik masing-masing anggota yang beragam, dengan satu negara besar, Australia, yang menjadi tujuan para pencari suaka. Bali Process juga menjadi sorotan karena setelah duabelas tahun berdiri gagal mencapai apa yang telah disepakati. Terlebih lagi dengan usaha Australia untuk menyetir Bali Process sesuai kepentingannya, bahkan kini secara unilateral menjalankan Operation Sovereign Borders yang melenceng dari Bali Process. Sebagai Co-Chair, Australia memiliki peran dan tanggungjawab besar dalam mengarahkan Bali Process, namun harus melalui konsultasi dengan Indonesia yang juga sebagai Co-Chair. Keduanya juga perlu memfasilitasi komunikasi intens melalui pertemuan-pertemuan tingkat tinggi dengan seluruh anggota sebagai bentuk komitmen mencapai tujuan Bali Process. Namun, ketiadaan pertemuan tingkat tinggi selama empat tahun berturut-turut berkontribusi terhadap kegagalan Bali Process dimana ketiadaan pertemuan tersebut akibat dari kesengajaan. Penelitian ini juga menyoroti bagaimana Bali Process yang terlalu teknis di suatu masa dan terlalu politis di masa berikutnya justru berpotensi membuatnya mengalami disintegrasi. Yang tidak kalah penting adalah bagaimana sekuritisasi migrasi kemudian justru mengancam hak para pencari suaka yang dijamin Hukum Kebiasaan Internasional dan Konvensi Pengungsi 1951 dan membahayakan nyawa mereka.
There have been some significant paradigm shifting in the context of irregular migration which involves actors like States, human smuggling networks, and smuggled human themselves. Securitization of migration has become one, among many reasons, as to why States advance their borders and immigration control causing the urgent needs for asylum seekers to seek help by using human smuggling networks. States hold a belief that their sovereignty is being threatened and determine to pursue a regional cooperation. Bali Process has grown into one of the phenomenons in the history of regional consultative process (RCP). This is due to a quite enormous numbers of States' memberships, myriads domestic conditions in each Member State, and one big country, Australia, which plays the role as the destination country. Bali Process also has been staying under the spotlight in recent years because after twelve years since it first emerged in 2002 has failed to attain the goals. This is partly because Australia has been attempting (and succeeds at least most of the times) to drive Bali Process to its own will, to serve its own interests. Thanks to the Operation Sovereign Borders that also takes part in the collapse of Bali Process for it defies the Bali Process principals and norms. As the Co-Chair Australia has a vital role and responsibility in driving Bali Process to achieve the goals but with a consulation with Indonesia which also happens to be a Co-Chair. The two must facilitate an intense communication through high-level meetings with all Member States. However, the vacuum of high-level meetings for four years consecutively contributes to the decline of Bali Process in which the vacuum was caused by intentional actions and decisions. Furthermore, this research highlights how too technical Bali Process in the past few years were and too political in the next years are provide the high chances in disintegrating it. What is more important is how the securitization of migration threatens the rights to asylum guaranteed by International Law and UN Convention on the Relating Status of Refugees 1951 and put the asylum seekers lives in danger.
Kata Kunci : Bali Process, regional consultative process, penyelundupan pencari suaka, Operation Sovereign Borders, Indonesia-Australia