Strategi Brazil dalam Membangun Sektor Pertaniannya di Tengah Rezim Perdagangan Bebas

Eva Novi Karina, Dr. Poppy S. Winanti, MPP, M.Sc

2014 | Tesis | S2 Ilmu Politik/Hubungan Internasional

Penelitian ini ditujukan untuk menyelidiki strategi yang diterapkan Brazil dalam menerapkan rezim AOA sehingga negara ini berhasil membangun sektor pertaniannya baik di dalam negeri maupun di pasar internasional. Pembahasan dikhususkan pada strategi kebijakan pemerintah Brazil dalam pembangunan pertanian di dalam negeri, yang dimanifestasikan pada berbagai program bantuan domestik pertanian dan bagaimana implikasinya terhadap ketentuan domestic support dalam AOA-WTO. Selanjutnya, pembahasan akan dikhususkan pada strategi pertanian Brazil dalam memasuki pasar global dan melakukan ekspansi ekspor. Diawali dari penjelasan dan analisis mengenai berbagai faktor kompetitif yang mempengaruhi daya saing ekspor pertanian Brazil di pasar global yang dikonsentrasikan pada beberapa komoditas utama. Serta analisis mengenai pertumbuhan perusahaan-perusahaan agribisnis Brazil dan bagaimana mereka memasuki rantai pasokan pangan global melalui ekspor dan penanaman modal asing (PMA). Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dan strategi penyelidikan studi kasus dengan pendekatan neo-developmentalism sebagai panduan teoritis. Data di dalam penelitian ini terdiri dari data sekunder yang diperoleh melalui studi literatur dan analisis dokumen. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa, salah satu yang menjadi keunggulan strategi Brazil dalam membangun sektor pertanian domestiknya adalah kecermatan Brazil dalam mempelajari setiap klausa dalam AoA. Brazil sangat mengoptimalkan pemanfaatan statusnya sebagai negara berkembang, terutama dalam menggunakan Pasal 6.2 AoA yang menawarkan apa yang disebut Development Box sebagai manifestasi dari ketentuan special and differential treatment. Dengannya, Brazil dapat memaksimalkan pemberian bantuan domestik yang berada dalam kategori Green Box untuk meningkatkan kapasitas dan produktifitas produsen di dalam negeri. Sementara dalam memasuki perdagangan dunia, Brazil memfokuskan strategi sektor pertaniannya melalui dua akses utama, yaitu melalui pemberian insentif besar bagi perusahaan-perusahaan agribisnis baik untuk melakukan ekspor, yang diterapkan pada sektor kedelai dan gandum; dan pemberian insentif kepada perusahaan-perusahaan agribisnis untuk melakukan akuisisi perusahaan asing melalui PMA sebagai strategi dalam mengakses pasar luar negeri dan menghadapi hambatan-hambatan tarif (tariff bariers to trade/ TBT) dan hambatan non-tarif seperti hambatan Sanitary and Phytosanitary berupa larangan ekspor daging sapi Brazil yang dipicu penyakit mulut dan kuku (PMK).

This research is intended to find out the strategies that implemented by Brazil to apply the regime of Agreement on Agriculture (AOA), which allow this country to develop their domestic agricultural sector and expand their agricultural export to global market, without breaking the rules determined by AOA. In the first part, the study will focus on Brazilian agricultural policy with respect to programs that could be considered supported by the government and distortive to trade. The analysis of current domestic support programs with trade-distorting effects, as understood within the WTO legal system and more specifically the Agreement on Agriculture (Agreement), will be explained in detail. Furthermore, the next part is focused on the description and analysis of competitive factors in Brazil affecting Brazilian agricultural export in global market. It provides an overview of Brazil‘s agricultural imports, exports during 2006–11 and a description of Brazilian government programs and regulations relating to agricultural exports. This research employed a qualitative approach and case study as the strategy of inquiry. It used liberal neo-developmentalism as theoretical guidance. The data can be classified as a secondary data, and were collected using literature study, document analysis, and interview techniques. The results of this research show that, Brazil makes plentiful use of its developing status, and this is clear when one observes the use of Article 6.2 of the Agreement. The so-called development box is offered as a special and differential treatment to countries in need of such action. Brazil is presenting itself as being in a comfortable position with respect to domestic support in the Doha Round negotiations, and our analysis confirms this position. Doha Round outcomes in terms of creating or strengthening domestic support disciplines will not be a constraint for the execution of the Brazilian agricultural policy. Even in the most restrictive scenario, assuming Brazil as a developed country, Brazil would still have enough room for maneuver by using non-product-specific and product-specific de minimis to notify its programs. In addition, our findings also suggest that low on-farm production costs have helped to make Brazil a competitive exporter of soybeans, grains, and meats in recent years, despite significant challenges, such as inadequate transportation infrastructure, high interest rates, currency appreciation, and burdensome labor laws and tax structures. Brazilian exports are likely to grow more slowly in the current environment, particularly if rising domestic demand siphons Brazilian agricultural supplies from foreign markets. Nonetheless, Brazilian agricultural production and exports have the potential to continue growing significantly; large areas of untapped agricultural land remain, and research and development programs will likely foster improvements in production practices and yields in many agricultural sectors.

Kata Kunci : Brazil, Pertanian, Kebijakan, Pembangunan, Pasar, Internasional, Bantuan Domestik, WTO, AOA.