ESTETIKA TATA RUANG INTERIOR KERATON YOGYAKARTA (Masa Pemerintahan Sultan Hamengku Buwona VII sampai dengan Sultan Hamengku Buwana X)

Laksmi Kusuma Wardani, Prof. Dr. R.M. Soedarsono

2013 | Disertasi | S3 Pengkajian Seni Pertunjukan dan Seni Rupa

Keraton Yogyakarta merupakan karya cipta Sultan Hamengku Buwana I. Selain sebagai tempat hunian raja, keraton berfungsi sebagai pusat politik, pusat budaya, dan pusat kekuasaan. Keraton Yogyakarta merupakan bangunan monumental yang memiliki nilai estetika tinggi, mengandung makna dan simbol sebagai wujud sifat agung kehidupan sebuah kerajaan. Keraton Yogyakarta yang di masa lampau berfungsi sebagai pusat kendali pemerintahan, yakni tempat raja-dewa, yang secara fisik dipandang sakral dan bersifat tertutup, kini menjadi terbuka bagi publik. Penelitian ini memberikan gambaran mengenai latar belakang historis, bentuk tata ruang, perubahan eksistensi dan fungsi sosial kultural, dan konsep estetika tata ruang Keraton Yogyakarta. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif dengan pendekatan multidisiplin meliputi pendekatan historis, hermeneutika, dan estetika tanpa meninggalkan aspek deskriptif dan analisis kritis. Data yang diperlukan diperoleh melalui studi pustaka, dokumen visual, wawancara dan observasi lapangan. Tata ruang Keraton Yogyakarta merupakan hasil gagasan kreatif yang berangkat dari pemikiran holistik dan kompleks, menyangkut aspek geografis, aspek spiritual (mitologis), religiusitas (agama), lingkungan sosial dan budaya, serta aspek politik dan ekonomi, berdasarkan pertimbangan kesinambungan masa lampau, masa kini, dan masa depan. Tata ruang Keraton Yogyakarta menunjukkan hakekat keseimbangan dan keselarasan mikrokosmos dengan makrokosmos. Dengan demikian dapat disimpulkan, bahwa konsep tata ruang interior Keraton Yogyakarta dilandasi oleh tiga orientasi, yakni orientasi alam yang berarti orientasi realitas, orientasi manusia yang berarti orientasi cipta-rasa-karsa, dan orientasi meta-empirik yakni orientasi kepada Tuhan penguasa alam semesta. Ketiganya mengandung muatan unsur baik, benar, dan indah. Ekspresi estetika tata ruang interiornya merepresentasikan empat warna dan yang kelima tak berwarna (pancawarna) dalam kesatuan diri raja-ratu, kemudian menyebar ke lingkungan eksterior yang lebih luas. Ini merupakan substansi kearifan lokal yang layak dibawa ke dalam kehidupan masa depan, yang akan merangsang gagasan kreatif bagi keberlanjutan kearifan lokal untuk ciptaan karya seni baru sesuai jiwa zaman, bukan sekedar pemecahan kebutuhan material semata.

The Yogyakarta keraton is the creation of Sultan Hamengku Buwana I. Apart from being his place of residence, the palace also functions as the political and the cultural power-center. The Yogyakarta keraton is a monumental building that has a high aesthetic value, contains both a meaning and symbolism that was shaped by a noble lifestyle of a kingdom. In the past it functioned as the center of governance, that is a residential palace for raja-dewa (the King-God) and it was seen as physically sacral and was often closed off. However, today it is open to the general public. This research describes historical background, interior design, socio-cultural and existential changes, and aesthetic concepts behind the design of the Yogyakarta Keraton. This is a qualitative research. The approach is multi-disciplinary, including the historical, hermeneutical, and aesthetic approaches along with description and critical analysis. The data was gathered from the literature review, the visual documentation, interviews and field observation. Interior design of the Yogyakarta keraton is the result of creative ideas that are rooted in the holistic and complex thinking, including the geographical, spiritual (mythological), religious (religion), social-cultural, political and economic aspects, based on the continuous consideration of the past, the present and the future. The design of the Yogyakarta keraton shows the essential balance and harmony between the microcosm and macrocosm. One may conclude that the concept of the interior design of the Yogyakarta keraton is based on the three orientations, that is, the nature-orientation that is, orientation towards the real, the factual; human-orientation that is orientation towards cipta-rasa-karsa (creation-feeling-will); and meta-empirical orientation that is orientation towards the almighty God, the creator of the universe. These three orientations contain the elements of goodness, rightfulness, and the beautiful. The aesthetic expression of the interior design represents four colour (meaning four types of human attitude represented by four colours: red, black, yellow, white) and the letter there is nothing colour (pancawarna), within the union of king-queen, that, in turn, extends to the wider, outer environment. These values represent local wisdom that is taken forward to the future. They also encourage creative ideas that sustain the use of local wisdom in the creation of art works according to the zeitgeist, and not just for addressing practical or material problems.

Kata Kunci : Estetika, Tata Ruang Interior, Keraton Yogyakarta.