BUNYI-BUNYIAN PANCAGITA DALAM UPACARA ODALAN DI KABUPATEN KARANGASEM BALI

I WAYAN SENEN, Prof. Dr. R. M. Soedarsono

2013 | Disertasi | S3 Pengkajian Seni Pertunjukan dan Seni Rupa

Suatu yang sangat menarik untuk dikaji pada ritual keagamaan Hindu di Kabupaten Karangasem yaitu adanya ketidakjelasan tentang faktor pendorong suasana ramai meriah, ciri-ciri penggunaan dan makna bunyi-bunyian pancagita dalam upacara odalan yang hingga kini belum pernah dikaji secara mendalam oleh para peneliti terdahulu, meskipun aspek-aspek itu sangat penting diformulasikan dan diinformasikan. Kajian kualitatif ini menggunakan penelitian lapangan yang menyangkut pemilihan lokasi, pemilihan nara sumber, penentuan instrumen penelitian, pengumpulan data, analisis data dan penyajian data. Atas keunikannya, Kabupaten Karangasem dipilih sebagai lokasi penelitian ini. Pemilihan nara sumber dilakukan berdasarkan relevansi kelayakannya dengan penelitian ini. Penentuan instrumen penelitian dilakukan atas kebutuhan proses penelitian. Pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui teknik observasi, studi pustaka, wawancara dan dokumentasi. Analisis data dilandasi oleh konsep teks, konsep ritual, konsep agama dan teori semiotika. Sementara penyajian data bersifat deskriptif kualitatif. Hasil penelitian ini menjelaskan bahwa munculnya suasana ramai dan meriah pada bunyi-bunyian pancagita didorong oleh ajaran siwa sidhanta, konsep kebebasan, konsep estetika, konsep karma dan konsep pancadewata. Ciri-ciri penggunaan bunyibunyian ritual odalan yaitu disajikan dalam rangkaian upacara odalan, dikondisikan melalui sakralisasi spiritual dan disajikan dalam ruang waktu dan keadaan yang sakral. Ditemukan tiga buah makna bunyi-bunyian pancagita yaitu makna ikonik, makna indeksikal dan makna simbolik. Dengan demikian ditegaskan bahwa, 1) jalan kerja yang ramai untuk menuju Tuhan masih relevan dengan jiwa masyarakat sekarang. 2) Segala bunyi-bunyian dapat digunakan sebagai bunyi-bunyian ritual odalan dengan persyaratan tertentu. 3) bunyi-bunyian pancagita merupakan sebuah aktualisasi dari rasa hormat pemuja kepada yang dipuja, rasa satu antara sesama manusia dan rasa indah para pelaku dan para penikmat bunyibunyian.

It is a very interesting thing to research on a religious ritual of Hindu Karangasem Regency that there is vagueness regarding the supporting factors in the lively and merry atmosphere, the characteristics of use and meaning of the sounds of pancagita in odalan ceremony which until the present time have not been profoundly studied by previous researchers although such aspects are very important to be formulated and informed. This qualitative study employed a field research involving selection of location, selection of resource persons, determination of research instrument, data collection, data analysis and data presentation. In regard to its uniqueness, Karangasem Regency was selected as the research location. The resource persons were selected based on the relevance of the competence to the research. The research instrument was determined based on the need of the research process. Data were collected through observation, library research, interview and documentation. Data were analyzed by using the concepts and theories of text, ritual, religion, aesthetics and semiotics. Meanwhile, the data were presented qualitativedescriptively. The research result indicates that the emergence of the lively and merry atmosphere on the sounds of pancagita is supported by the teaching of siwa sidhanta, concept of freedom, concept of karma, aesthetic concept and pancadewata concept. The characteristics of use of sounds in odalan ceremony are that it is presented in a series of odalan ceremony, conditioned through spiritually sacred process and presented in a sacred space, time and condition. It is revealed that there are three meanings of the sounds of pancagita, namely iconic meaning, indexical meaning and symbolic meaning. Therefore, it can be inferred that 1) the lively method to reach God is still relevant to the soul of modern society. 2) All kinds of sounds may be used as the sounds of odalan ritual subject to certain conditions. 3) The pancagita sounds are an actualization of sense of respect of the devotee to the devoted, sense of unity between fellow human beings and sense of beauty of the ceremony participants and audience.

Kata Kunci : odalan, pancagita, dorongan, ciri-ciri, makna.